Periodization laseRoma lasendulo. Izinsuku Key futhi Imicimbi

Rome itholakala maphakathi nomgwaqo kuyo imizila yohwebo emhlabeni nemizana eduze koMfula Tiber. Izazi-mlando zithi eRoma eyaphakama BC IX leminyaka. e. njengoba isigodi esincane usethe izizwe ezimbili emaphakathi Latins kanye Sabines. Periodization lasendulo kuhlanganisa izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: yasebukhosini, republic futhi zinkulu.

Ifa we Etruscans

I Etruscans - i isizwe lasendulo esasisentshonalanga nsimu yabo enkulukazi, inhlonhlo ye-(Tuscany yesimanje). Baye wadala impucuko enkulu futhi evuthiwe eqhubeka phakathi emifuleni Tiber futhi Arno. isiko Etruscan baba nethonya elikhulu ku-amaRoma, eyazuza njengefa ingxenye enkulu amasiko abo. Lokhu impucuko kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe saseRoma ngokuzalwa futhi kwaba kunamanje wakhe. Kodwa kwathiwa amaRoma kufakwe futhi wabhidliza Etruscans. Periodization lasendulo kwakungenakwenzeka ngaphandle Etruscans, njengoba amaRoma yonke ifa amandulela ukuze udale isimo esinamandla.

Kokusungulwa eRoma

Kokusungulwa eRoma iqala nganekwane kukaRomulus futhi Remus - twins ezimbili, owabuyela endaweni yalo efanele, futhi eziphindiselela kumkhulu wakhe Numitor.

Phakathi no II ayizinkulungwane. BC. e. Tiber baqala ukuhlala ezansi izizwe zakwa-Latin Siculo. Latina wabonisa endaweni yabo kwamagquma amabili - lasePalatine futhi Veliey. Asele amagquma Sabines matasa kuwo. Ngesikhashana nje izizwe ezimbili, njengoba kulindelwe, Wajoyina ngenxa izinjongo lokubala ubuningi babantu nobugovu. Ngo VIII. BC. e. Ekhulwini ubunye izizwe ezimbili, okuyinto kwasho ukuqala umbuso omkhulu. Imizamo ahlangene inqaba lakhiwa eRoma, esemgwaqweni eCapitol Hill. Kuyinto lapha kuvela periodization laseRoma lasendulo.

Uma yana ku le nganekwane, kumelwe kuthiwe Vestal Rhea wahlala phakathi Etruscans. Ukudalelwa kwakusobala kangangokuthi wabeletha amadodana amabili ka-unkulunkulu Mars - kukaRomulus futhi Remus. Ngokusho yetinsita Ray ngaphambilini baphonse izingane phakathi kwe-efa emfuleni. Balibangisa phansi emfuleni, futhi ngokushesha wasondela lasePalatine Hill, lapho wacosha impisi. Usuku ekusungulweni Rome - 753 BC. e. Kulo nyaka, kukaRomulus esakhiwe egqumeni waseRoma, futhi impisi isibe isilwane engengcwele ohlonishwayo.

isikhathi bobukhosi

isizinda Usuku eRoma okuqalwe isikhathi tsarist lapho umthetho isimo 7 amakhosi. Amakhosi abusa kanje: kukaRomulus, numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius noLukiyu Tarquinius Superbus. Periodization lasendulo ngaphandle amakhosi 7 Kuyinto engacabangeki, ngoba wabeka isisekelo eziyisisekelo ngoba ikusasa lalowo umbuso.

Ekuqaleni, kukaRomulus obusa kanye Tatsiem - ukumkani wama-Sabines, kodwa ngemva kokufa kwakhe, kukaRomulus aqhubeka abuse yedwa (753-715 BC ..). ukubusa kwakhe kusezingeni okuphawulekayo ukuthi wadala Isigele, wakwazi ukuqinisa lasePalatine kanye nefomu omphakathi wamaRoma.

Inkosi yesibili, numa Pompilius, zazihlukile a ukuzishaya omkhulu nobulungisa. Tullus Hostilius wayeyinkosi abangophakimpi ezazilwa Fidenami, uSabina futhi Veyyami. Ankh Marcius wandisa imingcele eRoma maqondana kolwandle, aqinise ubuhlobo ne Etruscans. Akazange wachitha impi eyodwa.

Tarquinius Priscus kwaba Etruscans. Rome yaceba nge ezintsha ngolimi, kwezombusazwe nasenkolweni. Tarquin iSigele linyuke ngabantu abangu-100. Wabuye balwa omakhelwane, waqala inqubo eside ukuqeda ezindaweni exhaphozini komuzi. Servius Tullius bekulokhu umuntu ongaqondakali, kusukela ngisho ukuthi ivelaphi kuseyimpicabadala. Tarquinius Superbus, indodana Tarquinius uPriska, bambamba ngamandla ngokubulala. Wabusela ngesihluku futhi akubhekwa umbono iSigele.

Yokubusa Tarquinius Superbus futhi ukuyekelela USextus Tarquinius (indodana yenkosi) kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi kungani umbuso waseRoma wawunamandla kunqatshelwe. Ngokwezinga elikhulu lokhu kwaba Latin-Sabine patricians.

Kokusungulwa republic

Republic nkathi kunalokho eside, ngakho-mlando bahlukanise kwawo izingxenye ezimbili: i-Early Roman Republic futhi ngasekupheleni Roman Republic. Early Roman Republic libhekene amandla ebukhosini futhi patricians, obika kuya plebs - inzalo ka abantu ezinqotshiwe. I plebeians wayengenamalungelo: babenqatshelwe baphathe izikhali, futhi imishado yabo ababhekwa njengenkolo esemthethweni. Konke lokhu yayihloselwe wawubaphuca Ukuvikelwa kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Inkinga yokungabi Republic Roman kwabangelwa ngokuqondile nge le ngxabano patricians futhi plebeians.

uhlelo Republican akuyona kakhulu ukushintsha isakhiwo sepolitiki waseRoma. Kunalokho, amandla inkosi impilo kokuthola nanoma yiziphi abameleli ababili kuqokwa, owabusa unyaka wonke. Ekupheleni kwethemu yabo, abameleli kubikwe iSigele.

Phakathi republic ekuseni amaRoma wahlanganyela uchungechunge izimpi ezaholela ukuthunjwa Italy. Kakade ngawo-264 BC. e. IRoma yayingumuzi omkhulu isizwe amakhulu kunawo wonke endaweni yonke-Mediterranean. Late Republic kwaphawulwa eziningana ZabaseCarthage Izimpi, amaRoma ezaholela ekunqotshweni iCarthage. Nokho, inhlekelele yama-Republic Roman kwayilokhu nokuningi.

Roman Samnite Izimpi (343-290 BC. E.)

Roman Samnite Izimpi siqukethe izinkathi ezintathu, futhi uchungechunge ezimpini. Imbangela yale mpi ezimpini ezimbili zokuqala wakhonza njengephayona umkhankaso - isifunda amahle evundile Italy. Leso senzakalo wesithathu impi kwabangelwa ukuqedwa usongo we Samnites e Central Italy.

Okwesithathu oyisicashalala neMpi (74-71 BC. E.)

ERoma, kancane kancane ke iye yandisa inani labantu yezigqila, nokuthi zikuphi umphakathi ngokulingana ukuwohloka. Lezi zici kanye umthetho ngesihluku Sulla - yizimbangela ezimbili ezihamba phambili ukuvukela uSpartacus. Yaqala ngemva kokufa yombusi futhi ifinyelele ngezabelo ezinkulu. Ngokuba impi yase uSpartacus babelokhu bethelekile izigqila esasibalekile, ababefundisiwe ukulwa yezilwi. Kanye namasosha akhe sihlubuki badabula Italy futhi wafuna ukuba bawelele esiqhingini saseSicily, kodwa wakhohliswa pirates. Kwakuwusuku izinga ngobuningi nangezinga lazo yokuhlubuka, okuyinto eye yaboniswa isibindi futhi bomele inkululeko yizigqila.

Ngenxa yalokho, ukuvukela, waklinywa. Wawa empini uSpartacus yena, futhi wonke amanxusa esiphambanweni emgwaqweni i-Appian Way isixwayiso kwabanye.

NoGayu Yuliy Tsezar

NoGayu Yuliy Tsezar kwaba umashiqela inxusa, waze waba wayenesikhundla sokuba Maximus okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma. nethonya elikhulu umbuso ayenakho iminyaka yakhe yokugcina. UKhesari bavela patrician, ngakho kusukela ekuzalweni iye benawo amandla athile.

Wayengumuntu sezombusazwe zobuqili ebathenga abantu ngazo zonke izindlela ongazicabanga. Lokhu kusebenza kakhulu, futhi kwadingeka basekela phakathi kwabantu abavamile. ubushiqela kaKhesari waba oyifunayo futhi ukumemeza zonke. Isibonisile amathalente akhe umlawuli omkhulu futhi owaleli eMpini gallic, lanqoba amaJalimane.

Yena eyihambile, wandisa umbuso. Caesar kwaba ngobuqili, kodwa baqaphe. Izazi-mlando zithi isipho sakhe isikhulumi, ngoba ezikhathini eziningi waphakamisa isimo salo amasosha inkulumo emfushane. Caesar uyasala imisebenzi eminingana ezibhekwa zabuna Latin temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba ( "Amanothi neMpi gallic" futhi "Amanothi kulwiwa"). Umsebenzi wakhe liye laba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni eNtshonalanga Yurophu.

Ukuwa republic

Ukuwa kwe-republic sasingagwemeki, njengoba oda ukunganeliseki ubudala kancane kancane lakhula. ISigele amandla uyekile babe nobulungisa, kwathiwa bagxila ezandleni nemikhaya embalwa zasebukhosini. Kwaba sobala ukuthi uhlelo republic asifanele isizwe esikhulu. Kusukela ukuhlukunyezwa iziphathimandla wahlupheka hhayi kuphela abantu abavamile. Ngenxa yalokho, izikhalo cishe ngekhulu ubudala Republic wawa. Iqhaza main kule kukhala yibutho.

umbuso

Umbusi waseRoma, ubelokhu eqashelwa kumbusi yokuthi umbuso ubudala lanqotshwa ibutho (eyayaziwa ngokuthi ojenene ababusi). Izifiso zakhe zokuqala ezintathu ekhulwini eRoma wahlala oda republic. Umbusi owayeyinhloko e iSigele futhi yayibizwa ngokuthi "Princeps". Ekuqaleni, wonke uMbuso WamaRoma babebaningi ngempela yeningi, lawo wonke amandla wayesekhona iSigele. Umbusi wokuqala eRome kwaba u-Octavian Awugustu. Waqeda kumiswa bayibutho professional Roman, eyathatha sekudlule cishe ikhulu leminyaka. Amasosha kwadingeka lidonse iminyaka 20-25, ngaphandle ilungelo ukuqala umndeni kanye eziphilayo isabelo njalo.

Julio-Claudian lwamakhosi waqala kukaTiberiyu Klavdiy Neron - lo mbusi yesibili waseRoma, okuyinto ezinwetshiwe imingcele ezintweni zabo. Eceleni kubalulekile ukwaba wesithathu uMbusi - uCaligula, wayala ezibiza 'Nkulunkulu "futhi batshala esiyinhloko sehlelo lombusi. Waphila kwaze kwafika futhi ngezinga elikhulu futhi imali eningi endaweni yomcebo esichithwa ukumelwa for kwezakhi aphansi emphakathini. Ukubusa kwakhe ebangele ukukhala umphakathi, futhi wabulawa ngenxa omunye zungu.

Eceleni amandla eRoma kwafika Flavian lwamakhosi, okuyinto ngokufanele avikele indawo yayo futhi lanwetshwa imingcele yayo. Futhi, kuyaziwa ukuthi uye wakha inkundla yayo siqu - Colosseum. Khona-ke kwesokudla futhi enyakatho Antonine lwamakhosi.

Flavian lwamakhosi kweColosseum (69-96 BC. E.)

Lokhu lwamakhosi seyakhe izakhiwo edumile emhlabeni wonke - yemidlalo kweColosseum, esemgwaqweni phakathi kwamagquma amathathu. Ukwakhiwa isakhiwo yafuna iminyaka 8 kokusebenza kanzima imini yonke. Ukuvulwa kweColosseum eRoma kwaphawulwa emikhulu ukuzijabulisa izilwi. Izazi-mlando eziningi zasendulo ukuchaza njengoba emikhulu ezivulekile yemidlalo futhi umbono omangalisayo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi igama "Colosseum" ubonakele ukubonwa ngekhulu VIII. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili izinguqulo igama. Eyokuqala nobukhulu bemibuso zezakhiwo, futhi inguqulo sesibili siwukuthi igama livela esifanekisweni omkhulu uNero, yena ukuze badunyiswe yakhe.

Ngo eColiseum eyenziwa yayisetshenziselwa nezimpi zezilwi, igrishcha zasolwandle kanye nezilwane kokuyenga. Konke lokhu kwahlelwa ukuba kusetshenziswe ulimi amaholide, noma yokudumisa tivakashi letihloniphekile. Ngo 217 isakhiwo ihlaselwe umlilo ezinzima, kodwa ngomyalo ka-Aleksandru Severus sase siphendukile.

lwamakhosi Antonine

Ukubusa Antonine lwamakhosi kubhekwa kabanzi noma okuncane eRoma. Emlandweni Antonina eyaziwa njenge "ababusi abahlanu ezinhle". UMbuso WaseRoma phakathi nokubusa Antonine lwamakhosi yayina kakhulu. ukuthula osekuzuziwe e elala Senate ekugcineni obonwa autocracy. Ngokuphathelene inqubomgomo angaphandle, Rome ukukhulisa kwemingcele yabo.

Ukubusa Antonina Piya (96-192 BC. E.)

Ukubusa uMbusi Antonina Piya libhekene i zezimbali engakaze ibonwe amancane futhi izifundazwe. Wayengumuntu ivulekile futhi iyatholakala ukuze esandleni ngasinye phansi, futhi ekhangwa ngokunamandla kuye abantu. imisebenzi yayo lapho sisebenzelana nabanye zomthetho kwakuwukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu III umthetho WamaRoma waqala ukuthuthukisa ngokukhulu ukushesha. UMbusi wasiza 5 abameli owaziwa, abakwazi ukukhulisa komthetho wamaRoma ezingeni elisha. Wabuye wasungula isimiso esibalulekile, okuyinto funda ukuthi abantu owandulela ukuqulwa kwecala hhayi bangaba necala lutho.

Pius wabuye waphakamisa isimo sezinceku emphakathini, lokuhlobanisa lokubulala inceku ubugebengu abavamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigqila ziphephela ngaphakathi kwezindonga zethempeli ayikwazanga wabuyela abanikazi bawo. UMbusi sashintsha sokuhlushwa izigqila futhi uvinjelwe ebugqilini ukuthatha e ezineminyaka engaba 14. Wabuye wasungula umthetho owawuphawula ukuthi amadodakazi izintandokazi kufanele kunakwe lapho engena esivumelwaneni umshado. Pius IBhodi kubhekwa a nomusa kakhulu, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo ithonya ifilosofi yamaGreki futhi stoicism.

Mark Avrely

Nokubusa koMbusi Aurelius kusukela lwamakhosi Antonine kakhulu wencike postulates Antonina Piya. Mark Avrely ubelokhu kugcizelelwe inhlonipho Senate ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa ngakwesokudla. Wasekela emindenini lephuyile, wazakhela nefilosofi. Ngu ubunjalo ke yena kwaba ethule, kodwa ukuphila emvimba iqhaza ezingxabanweni.

The Fall of the Empire

Ukuwa okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma senzeka ngokumelene okwenza ngokuwa eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga. Isizathu salokho babe ekuhlaseleni namaqaba ku lonke yeRoma. 476 kokuwa koMbuso waseRoma kwaba usuku mlando, okuyinto kwaqedela egcwele umlando waseRoma. Ensimini ka yamaVisigoth ngenkuthalo ahlaselayo futhi Ostrogoths, le Burgundians kanye izigangi. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, ingcindezi Empire ngu izizwe zamaJalimane kuphela lwashuba, kwathi 476 kokuwa koMbuso waseRoma kwakuyiyona apogee. Ngokushesha sobukhosi ongumRoma abe yithoyizi ulingeke kweziphathimandla zempi ngowezizwe.

Kwezikhathi umlando eRoma lasendulo ugcwele izenzakalo ezithusayo, kube yinqaba futhi igazi. Kodwa ngemva ayedabula zonke lezi zinyathelo, Rome ubengeke abe umbuso onamandla, okuyinto wakwazi zinomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni wonke. Washiya inqwaba izikhumbuzo kwamasiko, kanye umsebenzi oyigugu ababusi zizinhle, zefilosofi.