Umastende ngenkathi feudalism. Inkathi feudalism eRussia

Feudalism ngokuthi esimisweni sezenhlalo ezazikhona eYurophu V - XVII eminyaka. Ezweni ngalinye, kwakudingeka izici zayo siqu, kodwa ngokuvamile, lokhu mkhuba kubhekwa ngesibonelo IFrance neJalimane. kwenkathi feudalism eRussia has a ubude besikhathi sihluke European. Iminyaka eminingi, izazimlando wendawo Zimphikile ukhona, kodwa ayenephutha. Eqinisweni, izikhungo amakhosi asendulo engazange abe khona ngaphandle yoMbuso WaseByzantium.

Kancane mayelana eside

Umqondo "feudalism" laqanjwa ososayensi European ngosuku olwandulela French Revolution. Ngakho, igama elithi uvele nje lapho feudalism Western Europe, eqinisweni, iphelile. Leli gama lisuselwa kusukela ngasekupheleni Latin «feodum« ( "izinduna"). Lo mqondo isetshenziswa imibhalo esemthethweni Ephakathi futhi limelela okunemibandela ngofuzo ngabanikazi bomhlaba, okuyinto selikhonza uthola kusuka umnumzana kwenzeka ukuthi wenza maqondana ke yini isivumelwano esibhalwe (okokugcina Ngokuvamile zihilela inkonzo yezempi).

Izazi-mlando akuzona ngokushesha bakwazi ukukhomba izici ezivamile uhlelo kwezenhlalo. imininingwane abaningi ezibalulekile ezingazange kunakwe. Nokho, ukuze ngekhulu xxi, ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa ehlelekile, ososayensi baye ekugcineni ngakwazi ukunikeza i definition oluphelele zalesi simo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izimpawu feudalism

Inani oyinhloko esikhathini sokuphela kwezwe langaphambi zezimboni - ke umhlaba. Kodwa umnikazi womhlaba (nkosi feudal) kwezolimo awuzange umshado. Wayefanele omunye isibopho - isevisi (noma umthandazo). Land kutshalwa umlimi. Yize ayengabathandi ikhaya lakhe, imfuyo kanye amathuluzi, ezweni akazange ezakhe. Kwaba abuke inkosi yayo, ngakho-ke, kwenziwe izibopho ezithile esivuna yayo. Noma kunjalo, umlimi kwakungelona senceku. Wayephethe yenkululeko, kanye nokulawula kwabo, uJehova sewukhankase ezithe xaxa zezomnotho ukuphoqwa izindlela.

Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi kwakungafanele ekilasini alinganayo. Umastende ngenkathi feudalism kwadingeka amalungelo okungaphezulu kakhulu kwalokho okungakulahlekela umhlaba umnikazi, t. E. umlimi. Ngo izigodi zabo izinduna kwaba inkosi ongenambangi. Yena ajezise ungithethelele. Ngakho, ngabanikazi bomhlaba kulesi sikhathi kwakuhlobene eduze ne amathuba zezombusazwe (amandla).

Yiqiniso, ukuthembela ezingokomnotho mutual: Eqinisweni, umlimi wapha inkosi, yena akazange asebenze.

isitebhisi izinduna

Isakhiwo lesigaba esibusayo ngenkathi feudalism ingachazwa njenge phezulu. Izinduna babelingana cha, kodwa bexhashazwa abalimi. Ubudlelwano obuphakathi abanikazi bezwe esekelwe nokuncika komunye nomunye. Phezulu izitebhisi wayeyinkosi izinduna ngubani pha ezo umhlaba futhi Earls, futhi exchange zafuna kuzo. Dukes bewubale yena, inike umhlaba kwezicebi (Lords, ababoni, abadala), maqondana okuyinto okuyintando yeNkosi. Kwezicebi unamandla ngaphezu kuka Knights, Knights - phezu Squires. Ngakho, feudalists emi phansi izitebhisi, wakhonza izinduna ebheke isinyathelo ngenhla.

Kukhona isisho esithi: "ngaphansi kwesizwe of ngaphansi kwesizwe sami - hhayi ngaphansi kwesizwe sami". Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi knight abakhonza noma imuphi baron, akuyona sibophekile ukuba silalele inkosi. Ngakho, ngamandla inkosi phakathi nokwahlukana kwaba isihlobo. Umninindlu e feudalism - master siqu. ithuba lakhe lezombusazwe ukucacisa ubukhulu esabelweni.

Nesisekelo ubudlelwane izinduna (V - IX ekhulwini)

ukuthuthukiswa Feudalism Lwenziwe by kokuwa koMbuso waseRoma, futhi ukunqoba eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga izizwe zamaJalimane (namaqaba). Uhlelo olusha kwezenhlalo savela isiko lamaRoma (isimo eyodwa, ubugqila, colonate, kwesimiso somhlaba wonke imithetho) kanye izici Izizwe zamaJalimane (khona abaholi beziphakamisa militancy, ukungakwazi ukuphatha zwe elikhulukazi).

Ngesikhathi abanqobi kwaba bakudala uhlelo ohlanganyelwe: lonke izwe esizweni babe endaweni ethile omphakathi futhi wahlukanisa phakathi kwamalungu alo. Ukuthwebula izithombe emazweni amasha, izikhulu zempi zafuna ukuba ngumnikazi kuwo njengabantu ngabanye, ngaphezu kwalokho, babanike libe yifa lenu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalimi abaningi baya yimali, emzaneni abangu ngaphansi kuphangwa. Ngakho baphoqeleka ukuba ufune okuyinhloko, ngoba umnikazi ngenkathi feudalism, hhayi kuphela wabanika ithuba ukusebenza (kuhlanganise uqobo), kodwa futhi ukuze uvikele izitha. Ngakho monopolization komhlaba abavelele emphakathini. Abalimi babé nasekuthengeni.

Sokuthuthwa kwempahla feudalism (X - xv ekhulwini)

Ngisho nangekhulu IX kwakukhona kuwa umbuso noKarla Velikogo. esifundeni ngasinye, mnumzane, ifa isibe uhlobo isimo. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi "kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo."

Phakathi nale nkathi, baseYurophu sebeqala ukuhlola mazwe amasha. Nobudlelwano lezimpahla-imali, kusuka abantukazana ume netingcweti temsebenti. Ngenxa nabakhi abahwebi avele futhi sikhule edolobheni. Emazweni amaningi (isib Italy neJalimane), abalimi, ngaphambili overlords bathembele ngokuphelele, athole inkululeko - isihlobo noma okuphelele. Knights abaningi, uya Zenkolo, ezikhishwe abalimi zabo khulula.

Ngaleso sikhathi, ibandla aba yinsika neziphathimandla, futhi inkolo yobuKristu - imibono Ephakathi. Ngakho umninindlu e feudalism - akuyona nje knight (Baron, Duke, iNkosi), kodwa futhi wabefundisi (Abbot, Bishop).

Inkinga yokungabi ubudlelwane izinduna (xv - XVII ekhulwini)

Ukuphela kwesikhathi esedlule kwaphawulwa ongumlimi nokuvukela. Kwakumelwe umphumela kungevani kahle kutenhlalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa ukuhweba futhi ukuthuthela emadolobheni kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi isikhundla ngaphambi kwabanikazi bamazwe waqala ukuba singantengantengi.

Ngamanye amazwi, izisekelo zemvelo kanye nezomnotho iye basibukela phansi ukuvelela ukhomba ngophakathi. ukuphikisana kwayibhebhethekisa phakathi wokuziphilisa izinduna nabefundisi. With ukuthuthukiswa isayensi namasiko igunya lesonto phezu izingqondo zabantu saphela ngokuphelele. Emakhulwini eminyaka XVI-XVII eYurophu kwakukhona eNkathini Yezinguquko. Kukhona ukunyakaza entsha yenkolo, okuyinto kwavusa ukuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi kanye akazange amlahle yangasese.

Europe ngenkathi feudalism ngasekupheleni Kuyimpi phakathi kwamakhosi, kungukuthi aneliseke amandla abo ongokomfanekiso, abefundisi, ebukhosini futhi abantu bakuleli dolobha. ukuphikisana Social sezishiye linemibhikisho XVII-XVIII eminyaka.

feudalism Russian

Ezikhathini Kievan Rus (VIII-XIII ekhulwini) feudalism kwakungeyona ngempela. ngabanikazi bomhlaba kwesikhulu kwenziwa ngesisekelo kuqala. Lapho omunye amalungu omkhaya kwesikhulu wafa, amazwe akhe matasa isihlobo esisesincane. Ngemva kwakhe kwaba squad. Zamasosha ukuthola iholo, kodwa ensimini ngemva kwabo azifani futhi, ngokwalo, akuyona ngofuzo: izwe okwedlula, futhi wayengenayo ngenani ekhethekile.

Esikhathini XIII kwekhulu, Inkathi ethile-isikhulu Russia. It libhekene kwehlukana. Ukuba izikhulu (ifa) esikuzuze njengefa. Izikhulu wathola amandla siqu futhi ilungelo impahla siqu (kunokuba ejwayelekile). Okuqukethwe class of abanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu - boyars, kokuba nobuhlobo ngaphansi kwesizwe. Kodwa abalimi zazisekhona khulula. Nokho, ngekhulu XVI, kwakuhlangene ezweni. Inkathi feudalism eRussia yaqedwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba kwehlukana yathinteka. Kodwa esifuze ezinjalo wakhe njengoba serfdom wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1861.

umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama

Bobabili eYurophu nase eRussia, inkathi izinduna yaphela emhlabeni ngekhulu le-16. Kodwa ezinye izakhi kohlelo, ezifana kwehlukana Italy noma serfdom e Russian Empire, eyathatha kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo kwekhulu le-19. Omunye umehluko oyinhloko phakathi feudalism European futhi Russian wukuthi ukugqilazwa abalimi iRussia yathatha indawo kuphela uma villeins eNtshonalanga kakade base benikwe inkululeko ethé isihlobo.