Ukunqotshwa kwe-Polovtsy uVladimir Monomakh. Bobani Cumans

Umlando Russia ugcwele izenzakalo ezahlukene. Ngamunye wabo ashiye uphawu lwawo ohlelweni inkumbulo bonke abantu. Ezinye izehlakalo ezibalulekile futhi siphenduka emanzini kuziwa izinsuku zethu futhi badunyiswa futhi bafanelwe emphakathini wethu. Gcina ifa lakho kwamasiko, ukukhumbula ukuhlula okukhulu futhi ojenene - lokhu kuwumsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu awo wonke umuntu. Izikhulu zaseRussia ungazange njalo nje ayeluthola abahamba phambili ngokuya ngezinqubomgomo abaphathi bayo we Rus, kodwa bazama ukuba umkhaya owodwa kuphela, okuyinto ndawonye kwenza zonke izinqumo. Izikhathi ezibucayi kakhulu futhi kunzima njalo kwaqhamuka indoda "wathatha inkunzi izimpondo" futhi baphendula inkambo yomlando kolunye uhlangothi. Omunye kulaba bantu mkhulu uVladimir Monomakh, okuyinto namanje njengesenzo sibalo ezibalulekile emlandweni Russia. Wenzé eziningi yezinhloso eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezempi nakwezombusazwe, kanjalo akuvamile yakhetha izindlela zobudlova. indlela yakhe kwakuwukumkhulula amacebo, isineke nokuhlakanipha, owamsiza ukwenza ukuthula phakathi abadala bonke, bamzonda sazana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakwazi ukuthola ukunakwa ithalente kwesikhulu ukulwa, ngoba Monomakh amacebo ngokuvamile ukulondolozwa ibutho Russian ekubhujisweni. Ukunqotshwa kwe-Polovtsian Prince uVladimir ayicabangile nemininingwane emincane, futhi ngenxa yalokho "nechobozekile" usongo eRussia.

Polovtsi: Isingeniso

Cumans, noma polovchane, njengoba nje kuvamile namanje ngokuthi mlando - abantu Lokudabuka Turkic ngubani bebephila ukuphila ayimizulane. emithonjeni ehlukene uzinike amagama ahlukene: e imibhalo WaseByzantium - Qom e Arab-Persian - Kipchak. I ekuqaleni kwekhulu XI kwasa abantu we beyithela khulu: wamxosha Pechenegs Torquay futhi kusukela empumalanga ye iVolga, futhi wahlala lezi zitho. Nokho, kule abahlaseli sinqume ukuba ayeke futhi, wawela uMfula i Dnieper, bese owehla ngempumelelo lomfula iDanube. Ngakho baba abanikazi Omkhulu asemaqeleni, owawusuka eDanube kuya Irtish. imithombo isiRashiya kule ndawo njengoba Polovtsian ensimini.

Phakathi ukudalwa Golden zidlamlilo ephethwe sokwetshisa eziningi Polovtsy amaMongol ngempumelelo abeke ngolimi lwabo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngemva ulimi (Kipchak) Wawugujelwani ngezilimi eziningi (Tatar, Nogai, Kumyk futhi Bashkir).

Umsuka wenkulumo ethi

Igama elithi "Cumans" Old Russian kusho "yellow". abameleli abaningi abantu babe ezimhloshana, kodwa iningi lawo lalingabantu abameleli emncintiswaneni European nge admixture we Mongoloid. Nokho, abanye ososayensi bathi umsuka gama livela kubantu lapho bayeke - ensimini. Kukhona izinguqulo eziningi, kodwa ayikho aluthembekile.

uhlelo tribal

Ukunqotshwa kwe-Polovtsy kwaba ngokwengxenye ngenxa uhlelo abo ezempi-yeningi. Lonke sizwe sahlukana saba izizukulwane eziningana. clan ngamunye kwadingeka igama lalo - igama umholi. ukubeletha Multiple babehlanganiswe izizwe, owadala yena nasemizaneni yedolobha ubusika. Isizwe ngasinye beyiba inyunyana layo lapho ukudla otshaliwe. Sekuke kwaba khona izinhlangano ezincane, ukubhema - inyunyana imikhaya eminingana. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukubhema bangaphila hhayi kuphela Cumans, kodwa ezinye izizwe, ne kuhlangana eyenzeka ngokwemvelo.

Isimiso sezombangazwe

Ukubhema zimunye izindimbane, eyayibonakala eliholwa Khan. I Khans kwadingeka egunyeni eliphakeme kunawo wonke emkhakheni. Ngaphandle kwalezi, kwakukhona izigaba ezifana izinceku iziboshwa. Futhi we nothi division of abesifazane ezibabeka engozini yokuba nalesi inceku. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu chagami. Iziboshwa - a iziboshwa zempi ngubani, eqinisweni, beyizigqila yasendlini. Sinenkosi ukwenza ukufukuziswa wayengenamalungelo sasingabantwana isixhumanisi aphansi isitebhisi nomphakathi. Were Koshev - temindeni ezinkulu. Umndeni lalinabashumayeli koshey. kosh ngamunye emndenini owodwa nezinceku zayo.

Umcebo, misela ekulweni, lalihlukene phakathi, kukhona abaholi nomkhankaso wempi futhi ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. amasosha Ordinary wathola kuphela imvuthu kusukela itafula leNkosi. Endabeni umkhankaso akuphumelelanga kungaba hamba ayinamali futhi awela kwencika ephelele kunoma iyiphi Polovtsian zasebukhosini.

impi

Polovtsian Military kwaba phezulu, futhi lokhu abonakale ngisho nakubangane ososayensi yesimanje. Nokho, umlando uye walondoloza kuze kube yilolu suku ubufakazi kakhulu amaqhawe Polovtsian. Anecdotally, ukuze achithe ukuphila kwakhe ezindabeni zezempi kwadingeka yimuphi umuntu noma umfana owakwazi nje baphathe isibhamu. Lokhu akusho acabangele isimo sakhe sempilo, Imizimba, ngisho nesifiso lomuntu. Kodwa njengoba leli thuluzi uhlale khona, akekho akhononde. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ezindabeni zezempi Polovtsian awuzange ihlelwe kahle kusukela ekuqaleni. Kunalokho ukusho ukuthi siye savela ngezigaba. mlando WaseByzantium wabhala mayelana iqiniso lokuthi laba bantu alwa ngemicibisholo yawo yensimbi, scimitars futhi javelins.

Umuntu ngamunye wayegqoka isambatho soboya ekhethekile ubonisa kungokwalabo ibutho. Wenziwe imvu isikhumba, futhi aminyene futhi zikhululekile. Ngokuthakazelisayo, iqhawe ngamunye Polovtsian kwakukhona amahhashi angu-10 abanazo.

Amandla main amabutho Polovtsian kwaba nalawo agibela amahhashi ukukhanya. Ngaphezu amathuluzi ngenhla, amasosha nazo zalwelwa ngosizo inkemba yakhe, lassos. Ngandlela-thile baphinde wezikhali esindayo. Lezi amaqhawe egqoka izigqoko, imvunulo kanye uchungechunge mail ekhethekile. Nokho, bavame wenza sesabeka kakhulu okunye ukwesabisa isitha.

Futhi kokukhuluma kuwufanele ukusetshenziswa Polovtsy crossbows esindayo futhi umlilo ngesiGreki. Lokho kungenzeka ukufunda ezinsukwini lapho behlala eduze Altai. Kuyinto laba bantu ithuba bazenzela cishe esinganqobeki okwesikhathi ngabaholi bezempi ambalwa sikhathi babeyoqonda ukuziqhayisa ulwazi olunjalo. Ukusetshenziswa umlilo ngesiGreki izikhathi eziningi zasiza Polovtsy ukunqotshwa ngisho umuzi onezivikelo eziqinile kakhulu futhi ivikelwe.

Kuwufanele ngincome yokuthi impi kwadingeka maneuverability okwanele. Kodwa bonke impumelelo kule bhizinisi eza engelutho ngenxa yesivinini esiphansi ukunyakaza kwezinhloko zamaviyo. Njengazo zonke abayimizulane, Polovtsy kukora eziningi zokunqoba sibonga ukuhlaselwa abukhali futhi ezingalindelekile isitha, ngihlaselwa eside nenkohliso zijike ngokushesha. Bavame wakhetha into zokuhlasela ngamaqembu amancane, ababengeke bakwazi ukunikeza nokumelana ezidingekayo, futhi nakakhulu ukuthi iwine Polovtsian. Nokho, ibutho ngokuvamile wanqoba ngenxa yokuthi akwanele amasosha professional. Ukuqeqeshwa abasebasha alalelwa kakhulu. Funda amanye amakhono kungaba kuphela ngesikhathi kugaselwa lapho ngokusobala umsebenzi oyinhloko kwaba ukuzijayeza ubuciko ukulwa lasekuqaleni.

Russian-Polovtsian neMpi

izimpi Russian-Polovtsian ngokuthi uchungechunge olude izingxabano sina, okuyinto kukhala mayelana kwamashumi amahlanu. Esinye sezizathu ukuthi bashayisana kokuthandwayo sendawo zombili, ngoba Cumans babe abantu abayimizulane, owayefuna ukuba anqobe amazwe amasha. Isizathu yesibili yayiwukuthi Russia ayedabula izikhathi onzima kwehlukana, ngakho abanye ababusi neyaziwayo umbimbi Polovtsian, okubangela nentukuthelo nezinye izikhulu Russian.

Isimo engangibhekene naso Kuyadumaza ukuba ephuzwini, ayikahlanganiswa wangenela uVladimir Monomakh, ababeka umgomo yakhe yasekuqaleni ubunye wonke amazwe akwa-Rus.

Ingemuva enkundleni yempi Salnitsa

Ngo 1103 uhambo lokuqala kubantu ayohlala ehlane owawuse izikhulu Russian. By endleleni, emva kokunqotshwa kwe Polovtsy labetibambile Dolobskogo Congress. Ngo 1107 amabutho Russian bahlulwa ngempumelelo Bonyak futhi Sharukan. Impumelelo waphefumulela umoya wokuvukela kokunqoba ngo-Russian umphefumulo amaqhawe, ngakho kakade 1109 Kiev Voevoda Dmitr Ivorovich yashaya nemizana ngaphandle esikhulu esihlanganisa Polovtsian eduze eDonets.

amacebo Monomakh

Kuhle kokusho ukuthi ukunqotshwa kwe-Polovtsy (usuku - Mashi 27, 1111) yaba ngomunye wabokuqala ohlwini nemigubho Russian emlandweni wanamuhla lempi. Ukunqoba Vladimira Monomaha nezinye izikhulu ngamabomu zonke lezi zinto ukunqoba kwezombangazwe, okwakusho kwaba nemiphumela kude ababona ngokucacile. Russian wanqoba naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inzuzo ngokuya ubuningi kwaba cishe nengxenye.

Namuhla, abaningi bayazibuza ukunqotshwa emangalisa Polovtsy lapho Prince baba zingafinyeleleka? A iqhaza elikhulu futhi wabasiza kakhulu okufanela Vladimira Monomaha, abanekhono lokusebenzisa isipho sakhe njengendlela umkhuzi. Esethathe izinyathelo ezibalulekile eziningana. Okokuqala, waqaphela ukuthi wayenenkinga engathí isimiso ezimnandi zakudala, othi kubalulekile ukubhubhisa isitha on insimu yayo, futhi negazi elincane. Okwesibili, ukuthi baphumelela ekusebenziseni amandla ukuthuthwa isikhathi, okuvumela kwezidingo ngesikhathi esifanele amasosha elihamba baya empini, ngesikhathi esifanayo ulondoloze isimo amandla abo futhi umoya. Isizathu sesithathu ukucabanga phezu amacebo Monomakh kwakuwukuthi aphendukela ngisho nasekulweni sezulu ukunqoba ukunqoba athandwayo - aphoqeleke imihambuma ukulwa kule sezulu, okuyinto awubavumelanga ukusizakala egcwele izinqola zakhe.

Nokho, lokhu akulona nje inani Prince. UVladimir Monomakh Polovtsy ukunqotshwa ayicabangile nemininingwane emincane, kodwa ukusebenzisa uhlelo, kwakudingekile ukuba sifinyelele cishe engenakwenzeka! Ukuze uqale, thina ugxumela kwemizwelo wesikhathi: iRussia Sichithiwe, izikhulu wabambelela insimu yabo kwamazinyo, ngamunye babelwela ukwenza ngendlela yalo, futhi wakholwa ngamunye ukuthi nguye kuphela okulungile. Nokho Monomakh wakwazi ukuqoqa, babuyisane nekuhlanganisa izikhulu restive, wokungalaleli, ngisho nomuntu oyisiphukuphuku. Cabanga ngokuhlakanipha, ukubekezela nesibindi kwathatha Prince, kunzima ... Yena yakhetha namasu, namasu nokukholisa ngqo ukuthi ngandlela-thile kuphazamise izikhulu. Umphumela yafinyelelwa kancane kancane, futhi mezhusobitsy kumisiwe. Kuyinto ku Dolobskom Congress kufezekiswe ukuqondwa eziyisisekelo futhi nezivumelwano phakathi izikhulu ezihlukahlukene.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-Polovtsy Monomakh Futhi kwakuthi ngenxa yokuthi athonya ezinye izikhulu ukusebenzisa ngisho serfs, ukuze aqinise impi. Ngaphambili, akekho uyozinakekela ngisho, ngoba wayefanele ukulwa zamasosha kuphela.

Ukunqotshwa at Salnitsa

Lo mkhankaso kwaqala ngeSonto lesibili Ebolekwe. 111 Februwari 26, amabutho Russian iphansi kwesandla sika-wonke umfelandawonye izikhulu (Svjatopolka, uDavide Vladimir) kuqonde Sharukan. Ngokuthakazelisayo, umkhankaso yebutho Russian ubephelezelwa nokucula amaculo, ephelezelwa umpristi iziphambano. Kule, abacwaningi abaningi emlandweni Russia baphetha ngokuthi umkhankaso kwaba esiphambanweni. Kukholakala ukuthi lena yinkambo ngamabomu Monomakh ukukhulisa morale, kodwa into esemqoka - ukukhuthaza ibutho, ukuthi bangambulala futhi kufanele ukunqoba, ngoba uNkulunkulu ngokwakhe Uqamba amanga kubo. Eqinisweni, uVladimir Monomakh yaba impi enkulu ngokumelene Russian Polovtsy empini ngakhethi ukholo Orthodox.

Ngaphambi impi isikhala sebutho seza kuphela emva kwezinsuku 23. Uhambo lwawo lwezinyawo kwakungelula, kodwa sibonga umoya ukulwa, izingoma, futhi inani elanele izinhlinzeko zoMthetho wamaZinga impi kwaba pretty, futhi ngenxa yalokho, empini ukulungela egcwele. Ngosuku 23 amasosha efika osebeni le Seversky eDonets.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Sharukan umaluju ngaphandle kokulwa, futhi ngokushesha impela - ngosuku 5th ukuvinjezelwa unonya. Izakhamuzi ahlinzekwa abahlaseli iwayini nenhlanzi - njengengelosi Eqinisweni singelutho, kodwa uveza ukuthi abantu lapha ngaphandle kokuzivivinya. Futhi NPGs Russian zishiswe. Imizana ezimbili eyabhujiswa, babe amagama khans. Yilena imizi emibili, abeenqwelo impi kwa-1107, kodwa ke Khan Sharukan esecela empunzini empini, futhi NPGs baba isiboshwa sempi.

Kakade ngo-March 24 kwaba imbewu yokuqala izimpi lapho polovtsy etshaliwe wonke amandla akhe. Senzeka eduze eDonets. Ukunqotshwa kwe-Polovtsy uVladimir Monomakh weza kamuva, lapho impi senzeka Salnitsa emfuleni. Ngokuthakazelisayo, inyanga yayimi egcwele. Leli icala lesibili futhi okubaluleke izinhlangothi ezimbili impi lapho Russian iwine up.

Ukunqotshwa enkulu ratyami Russian Polovtsy, usuku osuvele eyaziwa wavusa wonke Kipchak abantu, ngoba LaseRomania lase inzuzo enkulu zezinombolo empini. Babeqiniseka ezizotholakala Nokho, abakwazanga ukumelana kungadlula kwemicabango oqondile yebutho Russian. Ukuze abantu nasemasosheni ukunqoba Polovtsy uVladimir Monomakh yayijabule kakhulu futhi umcimbi fun, ngoba ukukhiqizwa ezinhle etholakala, ukuthunjwa izigqila eziningi esikhathini esizayo, futhi okubaluleke - ukunqoba ukuthi iwine!

imiphumela

Imiphumela lo mcimbi oyindumezulu babe ezicacile. Ukunqotshwa kwe-Polovtsy (ngonyaka 1111) kwakushintsha emlandweni izimpi Russian-Polovtsian. Ngemva kwempi Polovtsy yanquma kanye kuphela linyuke imingcele ababusi Russian. Ngokuthakazelisayo, Baphinda emva kokuba kwelinye izwe wamuka Sviatopolk (iminyaka emibili emva impi). Nokho Cumans esungulwe ukuxhumana entsha Prince uVladimir. Ngo 1116 amabutho Russian wenza umkhankaso eyodwa ngaphezulu ngokumelene Polovtsy futhi Wathumba imizi emithathu. Ukunqotshwa yokugcina Polovtsy waphula morale awo, futhi ngokushesha badlula ku-service yenkosi Georgian uDavide Builder. Kipchak akazange aphendule lapho umkhankaso wokugcina Russian kuka ukuqinisekisa ukwehla zaso zokugcina.

Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva wathumela Monomakh Polovtsian Jaropolk ekufuneni Don, kodwa kwakungekho muntu lapho.

imithombo

zemihla Abaningi Russian ukutshela kwalo mcimbi okuyinto isibe ukhiye futhi okuphawulekayo sonke isizwe. Ukunqotshwa Polovtsev Vladimirom waqinisa ngamandla akhe, kanye nokholo abantu ngamandla abo futhi yisikhulu sabo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ingxenye impi ye Salnitsa ezichazwe imithombo eminingi, "portrait" enemininingwane iningi impi ingatholwa ku Ipatiev Chronicle.

Isenzakalo esibalulekile kakhulu kwaba ukunqotshwa kwe-Polovtsy. Russia yilokhu kushintsha kwezinto wangena Ukugunda. Futhi konke lokhu kwenziwa Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba imizamo Vladimira Monomaha. Angakanani amandla nokuhlakanipha kwakhe usise kuwo ukulondoloza Russia kulokhu kuhlupheka! Njengoba ayecabanga ngokucophelela phakathi wonke operation! Wayazi ukuthi kwakungase kuphele Russian ubelokhu wasebenza njengomfundisi isisulu, ngoba Polovtsy ehlaselwa lokuqala, kanye labantu Russia angase ukuvikela kuphela. Monomah wayeqonda ukuthi kufanele ihlasela okokuqala, ngoba kudala umphumela ukumangala, kanye elihunyushwe kusuka amasosha esimweni ukuzivikela isimo phambili, okuyinto kakhulu ngobudlova futhi kakhulu e isisindo ingqikithi. Eqaphela ukuthi abayimizulane uqale uhambo lwabo entwasahlobo, babe cishe akukho nemigundatshani, wamisa ukunqotshwa Polovtsy ekupheleni ubusika, ukuze wawubaphuca force main. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leso sinyathelo kwasiza nangezinye izindlela. Walala ku iqiniso lokuthi Polovtsian sezulu bancishwa maneuverability wawo akunakwenzeka ku nemibandela ebusika waphawula. Kukholakala ukuthi impi ye Salnitsa kanye ukuhlulwa Polovtsy e 1111 - ngowokuqala ukunqoba okukhulu futhi zacabanga ERussia yasendulo, owabekwa Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba ithalente amasu Vladimira Monomaha.