Ancient Kiev - inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia lasendulo. Kiev sidilizwa: umlando kanye izakhiwo

ERussia yasendulo iye abe umfundisi kwamasiko e-Europe. isayensi yayo, ibhodi isitayela, ukuhlonipha kanye izakhiwo bayahlonishwa kude lé nemingcele yezwe. Shono izikhulu yayiqhutshelwa abahlonishwayo, futhi ngamunye kulaba babusi wathola ilungelo ukuba abangane futhi abe ahlobene nabo.

umsunguli ghostly komuzi

Zonke amagama - yilesi isigijimi. Umlayezo okushiywe ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo yokhokho. Futhi umlando Kiev lasendulo lifihle igama layo.

Le nganekwane edume kakhulu mayelana nokusungulwa edolobheni - indaba abazalwane abathathu abanesibindi: Kiy, Isihlathi, udade wabo enhle Lybid eHorebe futhi. Ngokusho yetinsita umndeni ekupheleni kwekhulu V wabeka amatshe lokuqala ngekusasa edolobheni. Ukuze kuhlonishwe umfowabo omdala futhi okuthiwa komnikazi. Kodwa umbono yesayensi sihlukene phakathi ukuba yiqiniso kwale ndaba. lo mbono. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka bakholelwa ukuthi lesi sibalo zomlando yangempela yayingewona uyakubona kuphela, nabafowabo - fantasy abantu. Okwesibili ebekela ukuba khona umzalwane ngisho nangaphezulu. Ngokuvamile, Kiev lasendulo akulona idolobha kuphela owakha abafowabo abathathu. Futhi eYurophu it is ayesakazeke amakhulu kwezinye izindawo emizaneni eseduze lasendulo nge impande efanayo. Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi kanye wagxeka umqondo.

Umsuka kwegama

Ukwenqaba inganekwane Kiều, ososayensi bathole ezinye izincazelo. Ngakho, kukhona elithi "Cove" ngolimi Turkic, elihunyushwe ngokuthi "umfula". "Kiwi" ku lwesigodi Sarmatian kusho entabeni. Kukhona inguqulo lelikhashane kakhulu. Ngokusho kwakhe edolobheni wathatha igama layo kusukela Prakrit (ulimi Indian lasendulo), lapho igama elithi "koyava" lihunyushwa ngokuthi "isihlalo sobukhosi endaweni." Sikhishwe yokuthi Kiev - inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia lasendulo - itholakala endaweni enezintaba loMfula Dnieper, futhi selokhu bekulokhu maphakathi izigwili zombusazwe, ngayinye izincazelo unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa khona.

Kuyinto incazelo bomdabu kakhulu Slavic. Kuyinto igama lomuzi kusukela elithi "lokubonisa" - okungukuthi, induku, induku. Ngakho isihloko possessed Izanusi nezikhulu, futhi Kiev ngokuthi yonke imizi lapho laba bantu babe. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kunenqwaba yamadolobha-namesakes eYurophu.

enkabeni yeRussia

Eqinisweni, njengoba isimo Kievan Rus 'Wayengekho. Igama elithi laqanjwa ososayensi ukuze ugweme ukudideka phakathi Russia, kwakheka ekhulwini IX kanye Muscovy, okuyinto eminyaka emihlanu amadala.

Ngaleso sikhathi, omunye uthi enkulu ngenkathi ephakathi eYurophu, maphakathi owawungumnyaka Kiev lasendulo, ngokuthi nje Rus. Insimu kuhlale Eastern lwamaSlav, okuyinto kamuva emenza Ukraine, Belarusians namaRashiya. Kuye kwenziwa okuningi maqondana ukusungulwa Uhulumeni Commerce. Izwe uvele on umzila ezokuthutha kusukela eScandinavia phansi kanye Dnieper ngokusebenzisa Black Sea wayiyisa eByzantium. Lo mgwaqo ubizwa ngokuthi "umzila kusuka amaViking amaGreki."

Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu IX ngo Novgorod lalibizwa Rurik lokubusa amaViking. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngenjongo. Umfokazi kwadingeka ukuze abuyise ukuthula. Kodwa ezinye imithombo ethembekile, eqinisekisa amazwi "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" (ezishiwo indaba yalezi zenzakalo) akuyona. Ummeleli we-uhulumeni omusha kufikile kubantu bakhe, ngokuthi eziyizitezi. Kwahamba kusuka amaViking futhi igama elithi "Rus".

Izikhulu lokuqala

Ngo-862 bafika Rurik Askold futhi Dir yayinqoba Kiev lasendulo. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo - la madoda ayesasebenza inzalo Chia abadumile, umsunguli waleli dolobha.

882 Leso kwaba yisikhathi soshintsho emlandweni. Ngu Kiev wasondela Prince Oleg. Wayevela uhlobo Rurik. Ngemva kokufa lokugcina baba ibamba indodana yakhe Igor futhi wabusa ezweni Novgorod. Ohambweni kwakhe wafika Kiev futhi wafunda ngubani ebusa khona. Khona-ke wayecashile Ibutho lakhe ngokuthi ababusi ukuze yena, uzibiza ngokuthi yomthengisi. Askold futhi Dir zazifakwa lolo futhi abangu kamuva wabulawa by Oleg ibutho. Regent Igor waphawula ukuthi banayo umndeni hhayi kwesikhulu, ngakho akudingeki ukuba ahlale esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Njengoba Kiev lasendulo yaba inhloko-dolobha entsha, ngaleyo ndlela sizihlanganise izikhungo ezimbili lwamaSlav. Kwaba ososayensi Prince Oleg bakholwe umsunguli Kievan Rus.

isiko yobuqaba

Eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambi kokufika Kiev ezweni elakhiweyo ababusi Christian LabeZizwe, okwadingeka isiko abo nendlela yokwakha.

Eastern lwamaSlav bakholwa namandla emvelo, bakhuleka kubo. Izindawo zokukhulekela baba amaphuzu amandla, lapho kukhona amandla eqinile ezingaqondakali. Njengomthetho, lawa kwakungamadodana amagquma. Bahlela okhokho bethu amathempeli. Kwakuwusuku lokuqala sesakhiwo Kiev lasendulo. Ngokuvamile phakathi wema sibalo isithombe sokhuni noma itshe. Mina kwakuyi-altare, lapho abathembekile wanikela izipho. Lezi amathempeli eziye zatholakala eNtabeni Annunciation, okuyinto laliyindawo engcwele ngoba unkulunkulu Perun umbani.

LwamaSlav sidilizwa enamathiselwe kakhulu ezintabeni, ngisho noma babehlala ikakhulukazi amandla ngamanzi osebeni lwemifula. Esikhathini amagquma Bathandaza umhlatshelo. Kuze kube manje, Kiev walondoloza izindawo zabo zokukhulekela. Ngokuvamile kuba umbuthano itshe ne projection emagumbini amane omhlaba. Nokho, amathempeli babe izikhungo kwezombangazwe, okwakusho wakhuluma ngezinto ezibalulekile. Jikelele ibalazwe ezindawo Kiev lasendulo kuvula zonke izindawo zokukhulekela zamaKhanani Amakholwa Old. entabeni ngamunye ibilokhu maphakathi emhlatshelweni oyisiko.

Kukhona izinsolo ukuthi abahedeni Wakha amathempeli iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kokuba ukwamukelwa of Christianity.

pearl ubuKristu

Kanye nokufika kwalolo izikhulu yawenza ubuKristu. Kwakuwusuku ngesisekelo izakhiwo Russia futhi wanikeza isiqondiso entsha ekuthuthukiseni okuthuthuka ngokomoya.

Ngaphambili, izinto zenkolo zazenziwe ngokhuni. Itshe lokuqala laliyisikhungo sokukhulekela Bandla Okweshumi, okuyinto bamdumisa Kiev lasendulo. Photo kabusha Kulokhu yezakhiwo uyakucabangela incazelo yezindaba zemihla ngemihla. Jwayelana nokushelela kungaba Emlandweni Kiev Museum.

Kwakuyisimangaliso esithinta ingcebo nenkazimulo yayo. It wakhiwa eminyakeni engaba ngu 989 ngenxa izintela. Ukuze isakhiwo sayo kwalethwa abaculi ezihamba phambili kusukela waseByzantium. Wayephinde ngokucebile ukuhlotshiswa ngaphakathi. Inombolo yamatshe nemidwebo nezimpawu namanje ingathathwa ukubala. kwehlukana izinduna kwakuyisiqalo nciphisa yayo.

izakhiwo Wanamuhla Kiev

Umlando Kiev zasendulo zagcinwa izakhiwo kuze kube namuhla. Isibonelo okuphawuleka kakhulu St Sophia Cathedral. Amatshe lokuqala babekwa 1037. Sasisebenza ke Constantinopolitan futhi Slavic abaklami. Ngo XVII-XVIII leminyaka, leli sonto lakhiwe kabusha ku-Ukrainian isitayela Baroque. Ngo-1934, waba Museum - Sofia Reserve.

Ososayensi namanje bephikisana ngokuthi ubani owayemkhulu umqalisi we umqondo wokwakha isonto - Vladimir nendodana yakhe Yaroslav.

Golden Gate - omunye Russia lesikhumbuzo bokwakha, okuyinto ejabulisa ngisho nanamuhla. Ngaphezu umqondo kwamasiko, ukwakhiwa wazalela nokuvikeleka injongo. Idolobhakazi limatasa eyakhelwe zabuzwa izinqaba. Igama lisuselwa analog eConstantinople.

Architecture - umshini isikhathi sizobonisa Kiev lasendulo. Isithombe izinto kungatholakala esihlokweni, kodwa kungcono bazibonela ngokwabo.