Ungubani neziLimi - kokubili kwakhiwa futhi yini

Ekhulwini lama-20 - futhi manje ekhulwini lama-21 - endaweni wosizo Ubuchwepheshe uya ngokubeka abantu - izici zayo, ukuziphatha, uhlamvu - esikhungweni ucwaningo lwesayensi. Ngo yezilimi kukhona okufanayo: Thina sinesithakazelo ulimi, hhayi njengoba buyinto abstract, kodwa njengoba kubonisa zokuthambekela kobuntu, impumelelo ukuthuthukiswa. Ngo isayensi, kusekhona kungekho imiqondo ezivamile futhi izincazelo ukuthi "ungubani yezilimi '. Nokho, kanye "ulimi isithombe emhlabeni" - umqondo ahlobene - lomkhuba kuthatha ososayensi kuwo wonke amazinga okufunda ulimi - eziqala amafonethiki nesiphetho kombhalo. Encwadini ekwakhiweni generalized kakhulu singasho ukuthi ubuntu ulimi - iqoqo ukuziphatha kwezilimi inkulumo yomuntu. Ukwakheka inkulumo yomuntu kuthinta ngokuyinhloko ulimi lakhona lwendabuko.

Futhi lapha siphakathi kumelwe bakhumbule labo imicabango ngokolimi (isibonelo, i-Sapir-Whorf hypothesis), owawuthi inquma ulimi ukucabanga. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abakhuluma isiRashiya kukhona imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi ocacile kanye nanini, okuyinto ziqondakala izipikha aphansi izilimi zamaJalimane (isiNgisi, isi-Danish, isiJalimane). Futhi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Polish, e-Russian akukho "isigaba zesifazane-yezinto." Kulapho lapho Polish Kwehlukanisa (ithi, ngumuntu isabizwana noma isenzo ifomu), noma ngabe imayelana iqembu lapho kwakukhona abesifazane kuphela ekubeni, izingane, noma izilwane, noma enye - iqembu lapho kwakukhona okungenani umuntu oyedwa, ngokuba Russian azikho umehluko oyisisekelo. Uyini umthelela? Amaphutha ngezilimi wafunda, okuyizinto yi hhayi ukuqeqeshwa abampofu nezinye ukwazi ngokolimi, ubuntu namalimi wemiphakathi.

Ngisho nalapho ukhuluma ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko, sixhumana ngezindlela ezahlukene, isibonelo, phakathi ontanga, nothisha izinkundla. Okungukuthi, kuye emkhakheni yokukhulumisana, sizosebenzisa izimfanelo ezahlukene singobani - yini singobani ngokolimi, ngokukhetha ulimi, design iziphakamiso, isitayela. Ukwakheka kwabo ithonywa ulimi hhayi kuphela lwabo lwendabuko njengoba enjalo, kodwa futhi medium imfundo izinga lemfundo kanye endaweni lunye. Kuwufanele benaka iqiniso lokuthi ungubani kwezilimi udokotela, isibonelo, iyohluka kulimi uhlelo ngabanye noma umqashwa wezoLimo. Odokotela ngokuvamile zisebenzisa amagama wezokwelapha, ngisho inkulumo ejwayelekile, izinhlangano zabo futhi ukuqhathanisa cishe ziyothambekela kakhudlwana ukuhlanganisa uxhumano nomsebenzisi kwezinga umzimba womuntu. Nakuba esikhathini onjiniyela inkulumo ngokuvamile baphawula izingathekiso ezihlobene ne izindlela futhi imishini. Ngakho, ulimi lomuntu isakhiwo kuncike ezintweni eziningi. Kuyo sakhula, ukudala isisekelo, Nokho, kanye nobuntu bethu nezici, lesi sakhiwo ungaphakathi ukuthuthukiswa njalo, futhi ayithinti imvelo yethu futhi ephilayo. Phawula ukuthi njengoba siya komunye umndeni - yithi, oshadayo - uqala ukukhuluma ngokuhlukile kancane, usebenzisa izaga noma "amazwi", eyamukelwa umndeni abasemzini. zikhanga ngisho nakakhulu kunjalo, uma ubunikazi ngokolimi aqhubeka aguquka kubhalwe ngolimi ongalwazi imvelo. Ngakho, thina abo ayizifiki kuyahluka inombolo yezici, ithinta ulimi banayo ukuxhumana nsukuzonke.

Ngo theory kanye umkhuba wesayensi yezilimi ungubani kwezilimi umhumushi akaconsi. Iqiniso lokuthi umhumushi akuyona kuphela othwala isiko elithile, kodwa futhi umlamuleli - umlamuleli - Transmitter elilodwa isiko kwesinye imihlola. umsebenzi wakhe akukhona nje ukudlulisela ulwazi, kodwa futhi, ngokuvamile, ukuvuselelwa afanayo umthelela okungokomzwelo umfundi, ukudluliswa kwe-uhla efanayo imizwa kanye nezinhlangano, okuyinto olimini lokuqala. Futhi kuvela ukuthi kuba ngokuphelele "Injongo" Awukwazi ukudlulisela kulo mkhuba, njengoba kuzo zonke izinto - kusukela izindawo yayingakaqondakali noma abantu abaningi abasiqondi, ziphethe kukhethwa phraseology nezingathekiso - kuthinta ungubani kwezilimi wokuhumusha. Ikakhulukazi ngokukhazimulayo kuwo usukela emuva kulesibonelo yezinguqulo inkondlo efanayo ngabahumushi ezahlukene. Ngisho ngaphakathi efanayo isikhathi (isibonelo, ukuhumusha Petrarch, ababenza izimbongi we Isiliva Ubudala) isitayela, imaging uhlelo futhi, ekugcineni, umthelela jikelele kule nkondlo efanayo ezinguqulweni ezihlukahlukene iyokwehluka kakhulu.