Izilimi zamaJalimane. Ukwahlukanisa izilimi zamaJalimane zezigodi

IsiZulu likhona a okwandile iqembu elikhulu ngokuthi izilimi zamaJalimane. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngayo ngokuningiliziwe. Ngebanga lalokho, lokhu legatsha kuyingxenye ngisho nakakhulu - izilimi Indo-European. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngaphezu isiJalimane, nabanye - umHeti, Indian, Iranian, Armenia, isiGreki Celtic, Roman, Slavic, nokunye. izilimi Indo-European, ngendlela - umfelandawonye ezibanzi.

Nokho, sinesithakazelo ekutheni umndeni has ngezigaba lalo. izilimi zamaJalimane zihlukaniswe amaqembu 2 ezilandelayo: North (ngenye ngokuthi zaseScandinavia) nengxenye esentshonalanga. Bonke babe nezici zabo.

Ngezinye izikhathi ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana izilimi Romano-zamaJalimane. Lezi zihlanganisa i-German kanye Romance (yangekhulu Latin).

Yayki West subgroups

I West German zihlanganisa i-Dutch, Frisian, High isiJalimane, isiNgisi, lase, Bhunu, Yiddish.

Sekuyisikhathi eside iningi labantu Great Britain - Northern Ireland, eScotland no England - kanye-US, New Zealand, e-Australia, eCanada, kuyinto English bomdabu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto evamile e Pakistan, India, South Africa njengesilwane izindlela ezisemthethweni zokuxhumana.

Frisian kuyaziwa eNorth Sea - olukhulunywa abantu abahlala Frislandskie isiqhingi. Literary ke uhlobo has isisekelo zapadnofrizskie yayo zezigodi.

ulimi Native izakhamuzi Austria, eJalimane naseSwitzerland kuyinto High German. Iphinde isetshenziselwe ezingxenyeni esenyakatho yeJalimane, isibalo sabantu ezweni lonke ezisemadolobheni njengoba etemibhalo. Izakhamuzi lezi zindawo basakhuluma "platdoyche", noma okuphansi lwesigodi German - lwesigodi ekhethekile, okuyinto Ephakathi sasiwulimi. Lwenza abantu izincwadi.

Dutch - abantu bomdabu Dutch.

ezilimini zanamuhla zamaJalimane zihlanganisa Boer, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-"Afrikaans", okujwayelekile eNingizimu Afrika, i-nsimu enkulu. Kulesi eduze ulimi Dutch olukhulunywa amaBhunu, noma amabhunu - inzalo ka bamakoloni of Holland ayebaleke ezweni lawo ekhulwini le-17.

Lase liseduze kakhulu ke. Uthi abantu yeBelgium, esenyakatho ingxenye naseNetherlands (kwezinye izindawo). Flemish, kanye French eBelgium luyindlela esemthethweni zokuxhumana.

Yiddish - kwakheka 10-12 eminyaka, ulimi olukhulunywa amaJuda athile aseMpumalanga Yurophu. Ngesisekelo yakhe - zezigodi Middle High German.

izilimi North-German iqeqebana

Bheka North-German zilimi ezilandelayo zamaJalimane: isi-Faroese, Icelandic, isiNorway, isiDanishi, isiDashi, isi-Swedish.

Kugcine - bomdabu labantu ugu lweNyakatho Finland (okuyinto iyiswe esidlule, le abameleli bezizwe drevneshvedskih) futhi abantu isiSwidi. Iyatholakala namuhla zezigodi izici siqu ivelele gutnichesky, akhulunywa labantu abahlala esiqhingini Gotland. Swedish namuhla siqukethe ezibhaliwe futhi wahlela ngokuhambisana amazwi German ngesiNgisi. silulumagama Active kwakungekukhulu kakhulu.

Danish - zimila abantu Danish, futhi owayengumphathi ezincwadini ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka futhi siwulimi olusemthethweni Norway okuyinto, njengoba yaziwa, yayiyingxenye ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-14 futhi kuze kube 1814 ingxenye isimo Danish.

Danish futhi Swedish, eduze esikhathini esidlule, manje kakhulu diverged, ngezinye izikhathi basuke zenziwe iqeqebana okhethekile okuthiwa vostochnoskandinavskih nezandiso.

ulimi Norwegian, okuyinto bomdabu kubantu Norwegian, basakaza kulelizwe. Ukuthuthukiswa Its esalibele wathonywa kakhulu nangabanye izimo yomlando izakhamuzi isimo baye baphoqeleka ukuba baphile ngaphansi kokubusa kwe-Danes ngoba cishe eminyakeni engu-400. Namuhla, kuleli zwe kukhona kumiswa ulimi Norwegian, ezivamile kuso sonke isizwe, ngokuvumelana nezici zayo usesikhundleni Lesisemkhatsini phakathi Danish isiSwidi.

labantu Iceland ukhuluma Icelandic. Okhokho balezi abakhileyo kuleli zwe eliyisiqhingi babe baseNorway azinza endaweni njengoba Ekuqaleni kwekhulu 10th. isi-Icelandic, ivela ngokuzimela cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane yokubusa kukaKristu usezuze eziningana izici ezintsha, futhi aye wasigcina eziningi izakhiwo ukuthi ayisibonelo salezi Old Norse. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izindlela zesimanje zokuxhumana abahlali Fjord Country ilahlekelwe kakhulu lezi zici. Zonke lezi zinqubo ziye zaholela yokuthi umehluko phakathi isi-Icelandic (novoislandskimi) nezilimi baseNorway bayisizukulwane kakhulu okwamanje.

Isi-Faroese ukhona namuhla ku Faroe Islands, okuyinto amanga enyakatho eziQhingini zaseShetland. Waligcina, kanye Iceland futhi kanjani namanye amaqembu ezilimi, izici eziningi lwesigodi wawoyise - Old Norse, kamuva lezi zindaba.

Isi-Faroese, Icelandic futhi Norwegian ngezinye izikhathi ezihlanganiswe umndeni owodwa ngesisekelo imvelaphi yabo. Ibizwa ngokuthi izilimi zapadnoskandinavskie. Kodwa amaqiniso manje abonisa ukuthi, e isimo samanje Norwegian lisondele kakhulu Danish futhi Swedish kunokuba isi-Faroese futhi Icelandic.

Imininingwane Early mayelana izizwe zamaJalimane

History of the ulimi German sifundwa kuwo imininingwane namuhla. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala amaJalimane basonta 4th ekhulwini BC. Ukunikeza ulwazi mayelana isihambi yabo sezinkanyezi nesazi sokuma komhlaba uPytheas (uPytheas noma), isi-Greek, umhlali emzini Massilia (okuyinto namuhla okubizwa ngokuthi Marcel). Wenza mayelana 325 BC. e. uhambo omkhulu Amber Coast, etholakala, ngokusobala, e-Elbe esizalweni somfula, kanye ogwini oluseningizimu aseNyakatho kanye Baltic iziLwandle. Usekuxhumaneni yayo uPytheas ukhuluma guttonov zezizwe Teutons. Amagama abo ukukhuluma ngokucacile ngokuthi iyiphi idatha abantu - ubudala zamaJalimane.

Posts UPlutarch futhi Yuliya Tsezarya

Ukukhuluma esilandelayo amaJalimane kubhekwe isigijimi UPlutarch, lo mlando esingumGreki owaphila AD 1-2 leminyaka. Wabhala Bastarnae ungaveli iDanube ephansi, eminyakeni engaba ngu-180 BC. e. Kodwa lezi idatha eyayivela kakhulu, ngakho musa ukusinika umbono wokuthi ulimi nendlela yempilo ezizweni zamaJalimane. Bona, ngokuvumelana UPlutarch, awazi kwanoma iyiphi nemfuyo noma ezolimo. Impi lezi zakwa - ibhizinisi kuphela.

Yuliy Tsezar kwaba umbhali wokuqala wamaRoma, echazwe amaJalimane ngesikhathi Okokuqala iminyaka BC. e. Uthi impilo yabo lisemandleni umsebenzi wezempi nokuzingela. Zinaka kancane kwezolimo.

Imininingwane uPliny Omdala

Kodwa eyigugu kakhulu kukhona imininingwane uPliny Omdala, isazi semvelo (neminyaka yokuphila - 23-79 BC ..), Futhi uTacitus, isazi-mlando (iminyaka yokuphila - 58-117 AD ..). Ezinkondlweni zakhe, "ethi Annals" futhi "eJalimane" imibiko zokugcina ulwazi kubaluleke kabi, hhayi nje kuphela mayelana ngezigaba zamanje zezizwe, kodwa yayihlanganisa nokuthi indlela yabo yokuphila, isiko, esimisweni sezenhlalo. UTacitus ihlukanisa amaqembu 3: istvaeones, Hermione futhi ingaevones. Pliniy Starshy naye okukhulunywe ngaye iqembu elifanayo, kodwa libhekisela ingaevones Teutons kanye Cimbri. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuyisigaba, ngokusobala, ibonisa kahle impela ukuhlukana 1st ekhulwini BC. e. Izizwe zamaJalimane.

izilimi Old zamaJalimane: ngezigaba

Ucwaningo zalotshwa ikuvumela ukuba sihlanganise subgroups ezintathu izilimi zamaJalimane e ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi: gothic (East German), zaseScandinavia (North German) kanye Western Europe.

Ukuze ufake phakathi East German Gothic, Vandal futhi Burgundy.

ulimi burgundy

abavela kwamanye amazwe ulimi kusuka Burgundarholma (Bornholm) - - Burgundy Islands oLwandle iBaltic. Burgundians bazinza eningizimu-empumalanga yeFrance ekhulwini 5th, endaweni lapho wathola igama elifanayo. Lolu limi lasendulo zamaJalimane namuhla esasala nazo inombolo encane amazwi, ikakhulu amagama efanele.

Vandalic ulimi

Vandal - izigangi isandiso ngubani kusingathwa kamuva olunqamula eSpain kuya eNyakatho Afrika, lapho uyasala igama Andalusia (namuhla Isifundazwe). Lolu limi kanye burgundy, emelelwe ngokuyinhloko amagama efanele. Ngemva kwalokho, igama elithi "ocekela phansi" luye lwaba umchithi ukubaluleka izikhumbuzo zamasiko, i-ngowezizwe, njengoba ngo-455 kulezi zizwe baphanga wathumba eRoma.

Gothic

ulimi Gothic presents izikhumbuzo zalo eziningi. Esekhona ngobukhulu - "Isiliva Pheqela" - kuhunyushelwe amaVangeli kuya Gothic. Ilondolozwe Kahle 187 ka 330 amashidi wesandla.

izilimi sidilizwa West German

iqembu West German izilimi emelelwa-Anglo-Saxon, drevnefrizskim, Old Saxon, Frankish, Old High German. Ngamunye wabo has izici zayo siqu.

Owokugcina lo mkhaya kuhlanganisa eziningi zezigodi. izikhumbuzo zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa amathekisthi kwekhulu 8:

1. isicwebezelisi - izichazamazwi oluncane ebhalwe ngesiLatini, noma ukuhumusha amazwi ngamanye ngesiJalimane, abhalwe eziseceleni.

2. ngokuhumusha izincwadi zenkolo zasendulo by Notker, e-10th ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-11 iqondiswe isikole esigodlweni sezindela.

3. Inkondlo "muspilli" (2 isigamu leminyaka 9).

4. "INgoma Ludwig '.

5. "Merseburg iziphonso."

6. "INgoma Hildebrand."

ulimi Frankish Ubuye zezigodi eziningana. Kuwo wonke umlando, baba ingxenye German kodwa nizhnefrankskogo, kuyinto ngukhokho Dutch yesimanje, lase futhi Boer.

iqembu North-German yezilimi kuhlanganise Old Norse, Old Norse, Old drevnedatsky amaNorseman nezandiso. Bonke babe siqu izici ezithile.

Owokugcina leli qembu izilimi ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ulimi runiform ukuphrinta ngoba iqukethe sebuningini (mayelana 150) eziphathelene isikhathi eminyaka n 2-9. e.

Drevnedatsky walondoloza futhi eziphathelene ezikhumbuzo wangekhulu lesi-9 Runic ka epigraphy. Sekukonke kukhona 400.

Ezikhumbuzo lokuqala Old Swedish ngazo ziyasebenza nakomama 9 AD leminyaka. Ziyakwazi sifundazwe Vesteretland futhi imibhalo eyayikulo amatshe. Inani imibhalo Runic wadala ngalolu limi ifinyelela 2500.