Isitayela Baroque eRussia. abameleli Baroque eRussia

Lokhu yinqaba futhi ngezinye izikhathi uyinqaba isitayela predominating bokwakha nezobuciko eYurophu kusukela ngasekupheleni nesithupha angekhulu maphakathi no-nesishiyagalombili, niqinisiwe inkathi yokudalwa kakhulu uthi nsuku kazwelonke. Wayelethwa Ihlobene ngokuseduze isonto nemibuthano ahlukile. Baroque okhazinyulisiwe futhi wathuthukisa amandla abo. Ngakho-ke, ngoba ngokuyinhloko libhekene ubukhazikhazi, sasinjani nokuluthwa yizidakamizwa kuyadabukisa ezikhexisayo. Lesi sitayela ihlanganisa uhlobo luyakhohlisa engokoqobo, futhi kukhona khona ukuqhathanisa enamandla izikali isigqi, kanye ukwakheka nezimpahla, ukukhanya nethunzi.

incazelo Baroque

Lapho nje kuqala awushayelana lesi sitayela: izwe, uthambekela ngokweqile, engenangqondo, yimikhuba nendlela ezingezona ezemvelo ... Lezi izici ngenkathi uzalwa linjengezwi wokuhlekwa usulu. Futhi zonke ngenxa Baroque alufananga ke izimiso wakudala futhi izakhiwo.

Kodwa kancane kancane ke waqala ukuthola ezintsha izakhiwo izinto eziza kuqala futhi izinga. Baroque wazalelwa e-Italy. Leli zwe ngaleso sikhathi yaba isikhungo sawo samasiko, lapho lesi sitayela liqala ukuzungeza lwakhe lokunqoba kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Futhi ngamunye States baraque ukuthola ngezici zazo kazwelonke.

izakhiwo Baroque eRussia, kuhlanganise, ngokuyinhloko kuthinta ububanzi bayo eyinkimbinkimbi. Yena libhekene ngokuchichima eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba umthetho, amafomu curvilinear, elinemipheme okukhulu. On the odongeni lwendlu olungaphambili izakhiwo ngaleso sikhathi futhi eqaphela ngokuchichima ukubaza Interiors yabo. Kukhona futhi Dome multi-tiered abobunjwa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isibonelo esimangalisayo izakhiwo Baroque kungenziwa ngokuthi ST. Peter eVatican. imininingwane isitayela elihluke Atlanteans, caryatids ezisekela amakhothamo namakholomu bokudlala indima, kanye mascarones - imihlobiso sculptural esime alingana nekhanda lomuntu noma empumulweni isilwane kusukela front.

Kuyinto bokwakha, ngokusho kongoti, le Baroque yayimelelwe ngekwehlukahlukana zabo nokugcwala. Zonke abaklami ngubani ukudala imisebenzi yabo ngale ndlela, kunzima kubala. It amaNtaliyane kukuyo, Borromini futhi Maderna, YETHUSI-Jan glaubitz nabanye abaningi. I-Russian wezakhiwo, omisebenzi yakhe kungenziwa ashiwo Baroque, kubhekwe ngokuyinhloko Rastrelli. Mangisho ukuthi isungule ezweni lethu ngendlela ekhethekile.

Umsuka baraque Russian

Ukuqala ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili eRussia wabhekana nezenzakalo ezinkulu. Ukulandela kokuphothula neMpi Northern futhi abaningi yezinguquko kaPetru, izwe waqala ukuthuthukisa ngamasiko, kanye nakwezomnotho. Ukuvela Petersburg, futhi, kwaba isenzakalo esibalulekile, ke kwasho ukuqala isigaba esisha emlandweni hhayi kuphela kwezethu, kodwa futhi izakhiwo emhlabeni. Kungenxa nalesi futhi waqala, eqinisweni, ukusabalala izakhiwo Baroque kwekhulu le-18. ERussia, ukwakhiwa inhlokodolobha nedlelo layo selibuthile hhayi kuphela yasekhaya, kodwa futhi abakhi baseNtshonalanga Yurophu. I ezinkulu ezisemadolobheni ukuthuthukiswa ajenda yayisekelwe emasikweni izakhiwo Russian.

Amathrendi Western Europe

Noma kunjalo Petersburg izakhiwo esikhathini uPetru mina, futhi kuba - ngekota yokuqala ka ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, nakuba uye wazakhela njengoba izici kazwelonke ngempela obhekene sendawo, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo ezibonisa imiphumela ukuthuthukiswa izitayela eziningi ukwakhiwa Western Europe. Kube Fusion Monolithic organic kakhulu izitayela zethu kanye angaphandle yezakhiwo. Yaqala kanjalo-ke le nkathi Baroque eRussia.

Kulokhu, inqubo nokwenziwa nokucubungula okudala izitayela Western, eqinisweni, iphindela ngekhulu nanhlanu, lapho ngaphansi Ivan III engena eMoscow ukusebenza amaNtaliyane. Engxenyeni ekhulwini lesikhombisa yesibili kwethonya abezinye izizwe landa ngesikhathi amakholomu zokuhlobisa futhi entablature, gables, Ukunquma kanye motifs sculpted kancane kancane waqala ukusakaza bokwakha Russian.

isitayela Baroque eRussia

akakwazanga ukuthola isizinda kuleli zwe lethu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abagxeki uphambukile classicism bokwakha, abayikho, nokho, akazange abone esikhundleni "amakholomu kanye domes." Ngolaka kwaphikiswana amaningi, uquketheni lowo Gothic Revival futhi "Renaissance", kodwa igama elithi "imiklamo yobuciko" eRussia ukusetshenziswa kugwenywe. Uhlelo Lokufaka Lwe-bodumo Bryullov ngesikhathi evakashele Italy Wathukuthela wangqangqa ngu 'banambithe elonakele "kanye nokudalwa kungazwakali ka Borromini.

Futhi elithi "baraque Russian" kuphela Eighties of nesishiyagalolunye leminyaka wamazwe N. Sultanov izakhiwo Russian lasendulo yethulwa. ERussia, ke yakhethwa izakhiwo zangaphambi Petrine kwekhulu nesikhombisa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwaba khona nomqondo kugcineke, zazo Esigabeni sokuqala lesi sitayela athuthukiswe 1640 sika.

Ngu definition, Likhachev, Baroque eRussia ithathe ezinye izici Renaissance, okuyinto wayengakwazi wabonakaliswa ngokwanele. Noma kunjalo, igama elithi "baraque Russian" eRussia, futhi ngokuvamile akuyona lamukelwa endaweni yonke ngochwepheshe emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, uthathwa njengomgcini okunemibandela, kodwa igama esithathwayo bokhulunyiwe.

Ngokusemthethweni, e izimfanelo zabo efana isitayela banomkhuba. Saqokomisa izigaba eziningana: "Naryshkin", "Golitsyn", "baraque kaPetru eRussia" (ekhulwini le-18, ngekota yokuqala) kanye "abavuthiwe", ebhekise izikhathi Elizabethan. Isitayela yokugcina kubonakala ngokucacile owawusekelwe imisebenzi F. Rastrelli abasebasha izakhiwo eziningi Petersburg.

Naryshkin noma eMoscow baraque

Ngalokhu isitayela kusho iqembu amathempeli, wakha Knights abadumile ukuza. Naryshkin isitayela baraque eRussia eyethulwe imisebenzi enjalo bokwakha ngasekupheleni nesikhombisa - emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka nesishiyagalombili njengokuba ibandla e Fili futhi zintathu-Lykov, likati futhi Dubrovitsy, kanye kweNyuka, elakhiwa phezu Maroseyka.

Ochwepheshe bakubiza ngokuthi ngandlela-thile esiteji kwalo okwalandela, lapho ifomu eguquliwe we igqitshwa izakhiwo Western, ezifana kwewaranti futhi izakhi zabo, Motifs zokuhlobisa futhi baraque imvelaphi t. D.

Izici Naryshkin isitayela bokwakha

Weza sekwenzeka ukuba esikhathini esinzima ngobungcweti bokwakhiwa kwezindlu zethu. Kulapho isitayela Russian wezinzalamizi kancane kancane waqala ukungena Amathrendi esuka eYurophu. Kusukela nesithupha izakhiwo leminyaka, sibonisa eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini amandla mpo ukuthi wela kanye emaphethelweni ezindongeni futhi Patterned Ufaka amagagasi aluhlaza.

Ukuze izakhiwo ngenkathi bokwakha Russian libhekene inhlanganisela Amathrendi eziphikisa e izakhiwo waphawula heterogeneity kwetakhiwo, umhlobiso. Isakhiwo "Naryshkin" baraque eRussia, ikakhulu eMoscow, zikhona izimpawu ecacile banomkhuba aseYurophu, futhi Echoes of the Gothic, kukhona kancane ekuvuselelweni futhi romanticism, futhi zonke okuhlanganisiwe Njengoba edlulisela amasiko bokwakha ngokhuni netshe lasendulo.

Golitsyn isitayela

Kancane kancane ke waqala ukuthuthukiswa baraque eRussia. Esikhundleni isitayela ezahlukene Naryshkin efika bokwakha eMoscow - Golitsyn, okuyinto kubhekwa zesikhashana. Wakhe yaqhakaza eyishumi yokuqala ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, futhi umphumela waphikelela waze Maphakathi nekhulu efanayo.

Isakhiwo sokuqala, elalizokwakhiwa e isitayela baraque eRussia, kubhekwe yebandla Dubovica e Perov, naseVolyn, Laurentian wezindela Kaluga. Ngokuphambene nalokho, 'Naryshkin "e umhlobiso" Golitsyn "izakhiwo ngokwethukela kusetshenziswa kakhulu izakhi luyingxenye Baroque. Nokho, design yabo izixazululo, ukubunjwa amavolumu aqhelelene futhi avaliwe uhlamvu afanayo eduze Yempucuko yaseYurophu. Kucaca we plan ne inkimbinkimbi amafomu, kuhlangene a twin ocebile ingaphakathi ezikhumbuzo eziningi Baroque eRussia izibonelo zakudala bokwakha lasendulo. Ikakhulukazi ngokucacile lokhu kungabonakala izakhiwo kamuva - esontweni St uPetru noPawulu Cathedral eMoscow, kanye Troekurova futhi Yakimanka.

stroganoff isitayela

Lokhu isiqondiso wesitayela Russian izakhiwo ekupheleni eminyaka nesikhombisa kanye nesishiyagalombili uqale izakhiwo isici esakhiwe phezu oda ifomu nezimboni, ngemva kuso okuthiwa.

Ngu ngaphezulu izikhumbuzo lenkhulu eMoscow stroganoff baraque kuhluke ekulondolozeni bendabuko Russian emihlanu oluyingungu ethempelini ukuma komklamo, lapho isakhiwo esihle kakhulu, sengathi ukulolongwa ngesandla, decor yezobuciko. Lezi zihlanganisa Kazan e Ustyuzhna, Smolensk e Gordeevka emzaneni ngoKhisimusi Nizhny Novgorod emasontweni nakwezinye izinkolo eziningi, kanye lombhishobhi Vvedensky, elakhiwa ngo-Solvychegodsk.

baraque kaPetru

Leligama lisetshenziswa ngu izazimlando zobuciko ukuze isitayela yezakhiwo, okuyinto sivunyiwe ngu-Peter mina futhi kusetshenziswa kakhulu e-St Petersburg. Uhlaka Limited okunemibandela, kuba begxile kakhulu emsebenzini imodeli Swedish, isiJalimane kanye abaklami Dutch. izakhiwo Baroque eRussia kusukela Wezinguquko Omkhulu wayengumbusi isakhiwo kakhulu eclectic, nge ajabulele classicism futhi endulo gothic. Ukuze wehlise ukuhlukahluka uPetru abaklami izixazululo lesi sitayela kungaba degree of conditionality.

Umklamo walesi sikhathi libhekene lula ezakhiwe volumetric, ziningi ukuhambisana ecacile futhi ukuzibamba amahanisi, sivame ukuba khona nokuchazwa Planar mbumbulu. Ngokungafani Naryshkin baraque eRussia, uPeter Omkhulu kuyinto kwenqatshwa juqu we isiko WaseByzantium, owawengame abaklami bethu cishe emakhulwini ayisikhombisa. Nokho, kukhona umehluko kusuka Golitsynsky isitayela ngqo liphefumulelwe amasampula Italy noma Austria.

abameleli elikhanyayo

Indima olukhulu ekuthuthukiseni lesi Baroque eRussia kudlalwa hhayi kuphela isiRashiya, kodwa futhi abaklami abaningi bezinye izizwe owaziwa. Omunye abameleli izikole entshonalanga, ukusebenza ezweni lethu, kuyinto Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli - indodana umqophi isiNtaliyane, ababekhonza ngasemnyango inkantolo ngesikhathi seNkosi uLouis XIV. Ukwahlulela ngamazwi umbhali wemilando yokuphila kwabantu bakhe, umuzwa wakho ukwakhiwa ukuthi usezuze eRussia. Ukuba umculi wezingoma onekhono kakhulu, Rastrelli uye wakwazi azibonakalise wezakhiwo anekhono anesikhundla esiphakeme kakhulu esigodlweni, waqokwa "nomklami oyinhloko." ngomsebenzi wakhe eminyakeni 1740-1750 ifinyelele umvuthwandaba wawo.

Okunye abameleli abavelele babengasiqondi Baroque eRussia - kuba A. V Kvasov, zaklama futhi zakha izindawo Grand Tsarskoye Selo Palace ngaphambi kabusha ngofaka Rastrelli. Ukuze umsebenzi wakhe zibandakanya engafakwanga endaweni Haymarket yeSonto kweNyuka Blessed Virgin Mary. abaklami ezingengaphansi owaziwa nkathi Russian baraque kukhona P. Trezzini, A. Vista kanye, yebo, wasebenza eRussia kusukela 1760-th 1770-th omele elikhanyayo angaphandle kwalesi isitayela Antonio Rinaldi. Lesi sakamuva, ezakhiweni bakhe bokuqala namanje ngaphansi kwethonya "ukuguga" Baroque futhi kamuva bathuthela classicism, okuyinto ezweni lakithi nje isakhasa. Nokho, ukusho ngokungananazi ukuthi Rinaldi imelele ncamashi lesi sitayela ekuseni, akunakwenzeka.

Buildings Russian Baroque

ekudalweni Enough eyaziwayo Rastrelli - i Ensemble of Smolny Sezindela esakhiwa eminyakeni 1748-1764 Petersburg. It yadalwa in the isiko Russian of ensembles efanayo okuqondene ekhulwini odlule. No kancane aziwayo ku-dolobha enyakatho kwezigodlo ezimbili Elizabethan izicukuthwane - Stroganov futhi M. Vorontsov. Nokho, okokuqala phakathi imisebenzi Rastrelli imele Yiqiniso, Winter Palace, elakhiwa iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Laqedwa 1762-m. Kukulo muzi lapho ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu ithalente umakhi sika. Phakathi kwezinye yobuciko Baroque - The Grand Palace e Tsarskoye Selo, nabanye abaningi. Ziyakwazi zibonakalisa elikhanyayo kakhulu isitayela eyayivamile phakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalombili eRussia. Ukuvela lokusungula ngokuphawulekayo umakhi P. Trezzini ugcizelela uTheodore Church, etholakala kwi-Alexander saseNevsky Lavra. Namuhla, omningi aphikisane ongumnikazi isikwele eyakhelwe uVladimir Cathedral of the gama elifanayo. Nokho, abaningi abathambekele ekukholelweni ukuthi kwakungewona master ezingaziwa, okungukuthi P. Trezzini, bayathanda ancintisane Rastrelli, wadala ekupheleni 1760 ubuhle emangalisayo yesonto. Mangisho ukuthi, ngeshwa, izakhiwo eziningi kakhulu okuqondene wezakhiwo, abangu kamuva kabusha noma umane wanyamalala.

Angazi zisale ngemuva kontanga futhi Rinaldi, odale Orthodox eziningana, ngokuhlanganisa izakhi eziningi Baroque. Ikakhulukazi, lena Cathedral Andrew ne domes yayo domes ezinhlanu futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu multi-storey isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi, Boathouse, elise izigodlo inqaba, Chinese Marble. Lesi sakamuva kubhekwa into eyingqayizivele bokwakha Russian.