Ukunyakaza Popular ekhulwini le-17

ukunyakaza Popular ekhulwini le-17 babe enzeka mass eRussia. Inkathi Isikhathi Nezinkinga iphelile. Yonke imikhakha yempilo yomphakathi ezibhujisiwe ngokuphelele: emnothweni, kwezombangazwe, nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana, isiko kanye nentuthuko engokomoya. Ngokwemvelo, kwakudingekile ukuze kubuyiselwe emnothweni. Abaningi izinguquko nezinqubo ezintsha ubuhlungu labantu ngaleso sikhathi. Ngenxa yalokho - ukunyakaza kwabantu. Sizozama ukuhlaziya ngokuningiliziwe lesi sihloko.

Isihloko "umlando" (7 cl.): "Ukunyakaza Abantu"

Inkathi "buntashnogo Century" kuyingxenye isikole ayimpoqo okungenani. Inkambo "Umlando Russia" (Ibanga 7, "Movement Yabantu") ikhomba izimbangela ezilandelayo yezinxushunxushu nomphakathi:

• Ukwanda izintela ngenxa njalo izingxabano zempi.
• Imizamo yiziphathimandla ukuba kukhawulwe ukuzimela Cossack.
• Ukuqinisa itheyiphu mandative.
• Ababagqilazayo abalimi.
• kwenziwe izinguquko ezithile esontweni, okwaholela ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwabefundisi sabantu.

Izizathu okungenhla akubonisi ukuthi ezinedumela ngekhulu le-17 ezihlobene hhayi kuphela abantukazana, njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphambili, kodwa futhi nabanye kwezakhi nomphakathi: abefundisi, Cossacks, yabacibishelayo.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi iziphathimandla beqala ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokumelene anamandla ukwazi ukusebenzisa izingalo. Cossacks futhi abacibisheli wakwazi ukuthola ukulwa nakho ezimpini njalo. Ngakho-ke, ukuhileleka kwabo yezinxushunxushu esikalini ingafaniswa izimpi zombango.

Salt uthuli

Ngingathanda ukuba sikhumbule impesheni lanamuhla, abakhuthalele siphaphamele usawoti ezitolo amanani. Ukwenyuka umgomo owodwa noma emibili ye-ruble namuhla kuhambisana ezihlukahlukene Izinsolo nezinkulumo ukugxekwa neziphathimandla. Nokho, ekunyuseni amanani usawoti ekhulwini XVII kuye kwavusa isiphithiphithi yangempela.

Julayi 1, 1648 kwaqubuka igagasi elinamandla bekhalaza. Isizathu impahla eyengeziwe ku usawoti, ngenxa lapho uhulumeni usenqume ukwelekelela isabelomali. Isimo kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi ababhikishi "abamba" Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ngesikhathi ebuya ohambweni imithandazo ngesikhathi Kremlin. Abantu akhononda "yinkosi enhle" ukwenza "okubi" Boyar - inhloko Order wesifundazwe L. S. Plescheeva. Emehlweni umuntu ozihambela emigwaqeni uyena yedwa kufanele asolwe ngazo zonke izinkathazo isimo: ubushiqela mandative, ukukhwabanisa, amanani ukwenyuka hhayi kuphela usawoti kodwa futhi eminye imikhiqizo ukudla.

"Kubi" Boyar kwadingeka umhlatshelo. "Licashe" inkosi hhayi kuphela besusa "elinamandla" Pleshcheeva, kodwa futhi evela kumzala wakhe, boyar Boris Morozov, uthisha wakhe. Empeleni, waba "cardinal imfihlo" kuleli zwe futhi ukuxazulula cishe zonke izinkinga zokuphatha. Nokho, ngemva kwalokho ezinedumela kuleli zwe iphelile. Siphendukela ngaphezulu kwabanye.

ukunyakaza Popular (Ibanga 7, umlando Russia): ukuvukela yethusi

Isimo ne usawoti akazange afundise uhulumeni enze izinto ngendlela baqaphe kabusha. Imali kuleli zwe siswele. Futhi-ke, iziphathimandla ziye wachitha "esibulalayo" kwekuhlela kabusha kakhulu kwezomnotho ezingase kuphela beveza - the ukwehla lwemali.

Uhulumeni, esikhundleni zesiliva ayifake kwegazi zethusi zemali ukuthi 10-15 abiza eshibhile. Yiqiniso, kungenzeka ukuba beveza sokhuni (ngomqondo truest izwi) ruble, kodwa iziphathimandla zanquma ukuba elinga ukhanda ngakho. Ngokwemvelo, abahwebi wayeka nokudayisa imikhiqizo zethusi.

Ngo-July 1662, ukubhuqwa nasezinxushunxushwini. Manje abantu abakholelwa kule "inkosi ekahle." Ezimpini abangu ngaphansi ifa cishe yonke nethimba yenkosi. Isixuku wafuna kakhulu "kaNkulunkulu egcotshiwe" akuqede ngisho yokuhlala edolobhaneni Kolomna. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kufika amasosha, futhi inkosi yangena ukuxoxisana.

Ukulandela lezi zenzakalo, iziphathimandla baphathwa ngesihluku izibandakanye nezihlubuki. Baningi abantu ababulawa, aboshwe, abanye uyonquma izandla, izinyawo, izilimi. Khona-ke abakhululiwe lucky, bathunjwe.

Ukuvukela UStepan Razin

Uma ukunyakaza odlule ethandwa ayehlelwe obunokuthula labantu kungahlonyiwe, le kuvukela Stepana Razina iqhaza ahlomile ehamba ngezinqola ukulwa nakho Cossacks. Sebenzi it jikisa nga inkinga engathí sina ngokwengeziwe isimo.

Zonke iphutha kwaba ikhodi Conciliar 1649. Lo mbhalo ngokuqondile esungulwe serfdom. Yiqiniso, ekuqaleni kwalo ukwakha njengoba isikhathi Ivan III, ukwethulwa Day St George kanye ukunamathela abasebenzi nebabusi bawo umhlaba. Nokho Conciliar Ikhodi isungule umngane wokuphila ubufuna abalimi nombaleki bese ubuyela abanikazi babo bangaphambili. Lo mthetho kwaba kungavumelani kwenkululeko Cossack. Kube eminyaka ubudala kokubusa "Cha ayiswe kusukela Don", ehlanganisa ukuvikelwa wonke umuntu othola khona.

Maphakathi nawo-60s kwekhulu XVII phezu Don ithole lenqwaba abalimi runaway. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni imiphumela elandelayo:

• I phansi we Cossacks, umhlaba njengoba etholakalayo awulona ngokwanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakulokhu kunezimpi, okuyinto ngokwesiko kunciphisa inani labantu kanye Cossacks iwumthombo ingcebo.
• Ukugxilisa omkhulu ibutho kahle endaweni eyodwa.

Konke lokhu Yiqiniso, ayikwazanga kodwa eziholela ezinedumela

"Lo mkhankaso ngoba ijazi lakhe"

Isigaba sokuqala kwavukelwa of abalimi kanye Cossacks eholwa UStepan Razin wehlela emlandweni njengendlela "emkhankasweni ibhantshi lakhe," okusho ukuthi inyamazane (1667-1669 GG.). Inhloso yalo mkhankaso kwaba ukuphangwa imikhumbi yezohwebo yayishaya ethwele izimpahla ezivela eRussia ukuba yasePheresiya. Eqinisweni, lamabutho Razin kwaba igenge pirate, okuyinto ivinjiwe umfula oyinhloko kwezentengiselwano iVolga, athumba Yaitsky edolobheni wahlasela imikhumbi yasePheresiya, wabuyela e 1669 impango ocebile kuya Don.

Lo mkhankaso yimpumelelo futhi kugcina kungenziwanga lutho ngazo waphefumulela nabanye Cossacks eziningi abalimi ababekwa ingakwazi ubumpofu. Bona bakamalalahlengezela welulela by S. Razin. Manje Ngakhulelwa umbono yokufeza revolution lizwe. S. Razin yamemezela emashini elibangise eMoscow.

Eyesibili esiteji (1670 - 1671 GG.)

Eqinisweni, ukusebenza UStepan Razin ungathi ongumlimi impi esizayo eholwa Pugachev. Okubanzi kwezakhi kwezenhlalo, inani elikhulu iqhaza kulokhu kubulalana zezizwe yobuhlanga wendawo ekhuluma ngokugcwele impi yombango. Ngokuvamile, umlando zasekhaya (i ezinedumela ngokukhethekile) wayengakaze akubone enjalo imibhikisho sabantu izimfuno zayo ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.

Inkambo kwavukelwa

Ngaso leso sikhathi amambuka wathatha umuzi Tsaritsyn. Bafika enqabeni kahle ebiyelweyo Astrakhan, okuyinto wayesedela ngaphandle kokulwa. Zonke kwababusi netikhulu babulawa.

Impumelelo kuye kwavusa shift okukhulu eceleni Razin ezifana emadolobheni amakhulu njengoba Samara, Saratov, Penza, lubonise crisis ezinkulu zezombangazwe emphakathini Russian. Ngaphezu sabantu Russian, walingenisa kuye ukuze nezizwe zala iVolga: Isi-Chuvash, isiTatar, laseMordovia, iMari nabanye.

Kubangela inqwaba Abashokobezi

Inombolo ephelele izihlubuki ifinyelele 200 ayizinkulungwane. Man. Izizathu lapho Razin wadonsa izinkulungwane ezengeziwe: abanye bakhathele ubumpofu, izintela, nezinye ephakanyiswe isimo "Cossacks khulula", kanye nabanye babewusizo zonke izigebengu. Abaningi umphakathi kazwelonke wafuna ukuzimela ngisho ukuzimela emva kokunqoba inguquko.

Ukuphela kuvukela, ukucekelwa

Nokho, izinhloso amavukelambuso akuzange kube njalo. Ngenxa yokuntula bakha inhlangano enobunye, imigomo abanayo, ibutho kwaba unmanageable. Ngo-September 1670, yena wazama ukuthatha Simbirsk (Ulyanovsk yesimanje), kodwa ihlulekile, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala liphele.

Amandla main eholwa S. Razin kwesokunxele kuya Don, abaningi ehlakazekile ngu maphakathi nezwe. Izihlubuki uhambo ingajezisa eliholwa umbusi, Prince Yu Baryatinsky, empeleni kusho ukusetshenziswa kwamadivaysi wonke amabutho empi etholakalayo. Ngenxa yokwesabela impilo yawo, lezi zihlubuki onginike ikhanda lakhe, ngaleso sikhathi ezine.

Kufika ayizinkulungwane 100. Abantu abaye bafa futhi wahlukunyezwa neziphathimandla. Okunjalo ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu mass Russia babengamazi ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi.