Amandla ukonga - Iyini? Izikhombisi-main nezindlela kwagezi

Namuhla ezweni lanamuhla, kuhle kwegezi - kuba yingxenye ebalulekile ekuphileni komuntu umphakathi ophucuzekile. Lokhu ukukhathalela impilo futhi ukonga imali, futhi induduzo wabaphilayo. Kodwa omunye (global) ukusebenza energy esisindisa main - kuba ukuvikeleka kwebhoduluko imiphumela ebuhlungu.

Umqondo kwagezi

Wona kanye umqondo welithi "kuhle kwegezi" zazisetshenziselwa isikhathi eside e-Russia phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet. Namuhla libhekene amandla ukulondolozwa apharathasi lomqondo ezibekwe main uMthetho Federal "Ngo kwagezi kanye nokusebenza kwamandla ngcono futhi Izichibiyelo Izenzo ezithile zomthetho we Russian Federation" № 261-FZ of 23.11.2009.

Ngesisekelo energy esisindisa baba namandla mthombo umkhumbi othwala amandla angasetshenziswa kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi.

FL ku Energy Conservation futhi wethula nomqondo "yesibili umthombo wamandla," elimelela yithuluzi amandla, okuholela ekusebenzeni kwezinhlelo inqubo, akuyona okuhloswe ngazo ukukhiqizwa energy.

Kwagezi - kukhona noma yimuphi umsebenzi okuhloswe ngazo ukunciphisa inani ukusetshenziswa amandla ngaphandle kokuyekethisa imisebenzi yabo eyisisekelo isicelo.

Naphezu ngobuciko obukhulu izincazelo, ngokuvamile kakhulu ukudideka ngokuya "kuhle kwegezi" futhi "kuhle kwegezi". Kule ndaba, lesi sigaba esilandelayo ihlinzeka definition lakamuva.

Ekusetjentisweni kwemandla ngalokuyimphumelelo - ezithile izici sibonakalisa umphumela isilinganiso ukusetshenziswa amandla ukuze izindleko amandla ngokwawo. Nekusebenta kwagezi libhekene kuhlanganise kuhle kwegezi ekilasini ibonisa ukuthi iwusizo umkhiqizo ngokuya ukonga amandla. Ukuze sithole kahle amandla ubambe ekhethekile amandla ukubalwa kwezimali.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo kwagezi

Manje, njengoba sengike kuchazwe nemiqondo eyisisekelo kule ndawo, kufanele ibonise izimiso eziyisisekelo amandla ukulondolozwa:

1. Ukusetshenziswa ehlukile imithombo energy.
2. Ukusetshenziswa yesibili energy imithombo.
3. Ukusetshenziswa non-zamandla kanye nemishini.
4. Ukwamukelwa izinyathelo ukuze ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo etholakalayo energy imithombo.
5. Ukuhlolwa zibheke kwezomnotho isicelo kwanoma iyiphi ubuchwepheshe energy osindisa futhi izixazululo.

Lolu hlu akunakubangelwa kokubili izimiso wesi isimo kwagezi kanye izindlela eziyisisekelo kuya ukwahlukanisa of indlu yangasese. Into esemqoka ukuba ugcine engqondweni: ekulondolozeni kuhilela izindlela hhayi kuphela ezengeziwe ukuze kwakhe amandla, kodwa futhi imisebenzi ukonga etholakalayo kanye nokusebenzisa kwayo enengqondo.

Eminye imithombo yamandla

Namuhla okuningi inkulumo mayelana ehlukile imithombo energy. Ngokuvamile libhekisela ophinde uvuseleleke. Yini kuvuselelwe noma nini ku iplanethi enguMhlaba? Yiqiniso, kuba namanzi, ilanga, umoya, uqweqwe eMhlabeni. Yiqiniso, uma uya ku imininingwane ke umsebenzi solar ziyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ebusweni uqweqwe elincanyana, kodwa kulesi silinganiso universe. Sisebenza ukhuluma ngani sokuvuselela kungakapheli impucuko yethu - e Ekhulwini leminyaka elizayo, sikholelwa, lapho ilanga lingashoni khona fade futhi akusho lindiza Umhlaba kusukela orbit.

Ngakho, ehlukile uwoyela, igesi, amalahle kanye nokhuni namuhla ubhekwa zamandla ezilandelayo:

• amandla kwelanga. Ukusebenzisa emthonjeni onjalo isetshenziswa nama-solar kanye abaqoqi. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka kukhona photocells okuyinto ukuguqula ilanga Amandla ngqo ugesi. abaqoqi Solar ukuguqukela amandla ku zamanje kagesi, kanye evuthayo ukudluliswa emlilweni ophansi ukusetshenziswa okwalandela (isib Ukushisa amanzi emzini womzalwane).
• Wind energy. Ophephela abaphehla ugesi ukuthi ugesi besebenzisa umshini wokugunda ujikelezisa amandla omoya, kuthandwa kakhulu eYurophu. Ngokwesibonelo, eJalimane kakade uthola yesithathu kagesi walo usebenzisa ncamashi lokhu umthombo wamandla kagesi.
• Amandla amanzi. Akukhona nje mayelana Hydropower. Namuhla, kunamabandla ukushisa amaphampu ukuthi ukuguqula ukushisa amanzi echibini noma pool ngesikhathi amanzi esitebeleni hot ekhaya Ukushisa namanzi ashisayo supply ke.
• amandla Earth. ukushisa futha ezichazwe ngenhla zingasebenzisa ukushisa ngaphansi komhlaba noma topsheet uqweqwe ukusetshenziswa ekhaya. izitshalo ezinjalo athandwa kakhulu ngoba angadingi umthombo umoya noma amanzi eduze: i kokupholisayo zingafakwa amashubhu ekhethekile ngaphansi utshani, isibonelo, noma imithombo endaweni engadini.

Secondary energy imithombo

kabusha ukusetshenziswa amandla - omunye izimiso eziyisisekelo ukuhlinzeka izinga okusezingeni kwagezi. Ukukhiqiza ngokuthe xaxa isetshenziswa uhlelo wokwakha HVAC engavumelekile itholakala kuphela uma emoyeni yesibili usebenzisa ukushisa qeda. Le nqubo yokubuyisela ingxenye ukushisa eziphumayo kusukela isakhiwo (emoyeni uyabaselwa egumbini kusukela imishini yokusebenza egumbini abantu) ibizwa ngokuthi yokutakula. Kulesi isici amandla ukulondolozwa - umsebenzi ukonga amandla etholakalayo egumbini.

Isimiso yokusebenza ye umzimba ukushisa silula - ngokusebenzisa-platinum ezithile, eqhuba ukushisa kahle, emoyeni idwetshwa egumbini lifudumeza ukusakaza engenayo abandayo sivela esitaladini, ngaphandle ukuxuba nalo. Ngenxa yalokho, indlu akusho ageleze ice, futhi umoya evuthayo at 2-3 degrees, okuyinto enomthelela isimo sezulu ngokunethezeka zasendlini, futhi likuvumela ukusindisa on Ukushisa, ngenxa yokwanda lokushisa ekamelweni ngenxa yokushisa notshwala.

Recuperators kukhona ipuleti njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla, i-rotary (ilungu rotary ngaphakathi) kanye eliphakathi nendawo ukudluliswa emlilweni ophansi. ukukhetha Olukhulu ukushisa ivumela abakhiqizi ukukhetha idivayisi for izindawo ezahlukene kanye namakhasimende.

Indlela yokwenza ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo amandla Izinsiza?

ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo izinsiza ezikhona ayihlanganisi kuphela ukufakwa kanye nokusebenza imishini eyonga amandla, kodwa futhi ukunamathela imodi ethile. Okusindisa mode - oda wokuphila, okunikeza ukonga amandla ezingeni lasemakhaya. Uma umgomo - ukusindisa Umbuso izikweletu, khona-ke kumelwe kuqala ufake imishini ukuthi ngu automating ukunikezela metering zamandla ngeke zokuchitha kilowatts.

Kufanele ukhethe, esekelwe kophawu, eqinisekisa ukuthi idivayisi asebenzayo noma iyunithi inikeza ukonga amandla. Ukuthuthukisa amandla ukuze nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo kungenzeka kuphela ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo zonke imishini. Isikhathi esijwayelekile kokuvala izibani kumagumbi lapho abekho abantu, ukunakekela ukuchitha amanzi ashisayo kanye nesibekandzaba lesifanele amadivayisi othomathikhi endlini ukugcina nokushisa namandla ukusetshenziswa kuzovumela ukufeza imiphumela okuphawulekayo ukonga amandla nangezimali siqu.

Kuyini indlu yokwenziwa?

Kwegezi nokongiwa atehlukaniseki nge nomqondo yokwenziwa wokwakha indlu. Sihlanganisa iqoqo izinyathelo kwagezi, okuyinto ndawonye ahlinzeke low power ukusetshenziswa. umlando ubuchwepheshe yayo indlu yokwenziwa iqala emzini Darmstadt, yakhishwa okokuqala akhiwa physics Feist. Ukubala esele amandla ekhaya wayiyisa umqondo yokudala isakhiwo esasizoba akudingeki ukuba exhunywe kwi-Ukushisa ngisho ebusika - indlu yekwentiwa. Kwabe sekuthi ngo-Germany izindlu washisa mayelana 200 ^kW. h / m² ngonyaka. Indlu yokwenziwa ponabilos ^kW 10 ^kuphela. h / m² ngonyaka ukuze uhlale uphilile futhi ngisho ukhululekile zokuphila.

Umbandela eziyisisekelo endlini yokwenziwa ukudala igobolondo avaliwe isakhiwo nge high zihlale zifudumele futhi ongaphakeme conductivity ezishisayo. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa ezishisayo ukwahlukanisa izinto eyonga amandla, ukuqedwa okuthiwa amabhuloho ezishisayo (izindawo emvilophini isakhiwo lapho amakhaza lingena isakhiwo: mbumbulu ukulungisa, izinhlaka zamafasitela).

Ukuhlola ukusebenza kwe-energy ukonga ubuchwepheshe

Ukuze ngilethe ezingeni energy ukusetshenziswa ekwakheni kuya yokwenziwa indlu esezingeni, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izinto nge high ukushisa ukumelana, imishini ubunjiniyela yesimanje, evuselelekayo nokwesibili imithombo yamandla ngamafuphi, imisebenzi ukuthi ahlinzeke ukonga amandla. Ekusetjentisweni kwemandla ngalokuyimphumelelo kulokhu ibalwa ngesisekelo izindleko esichithwa lokhu noma lokhuya emisha ekhaya, futhi umphumela oyoletha isixazululo kumnikazi.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukubala umthelela ubuchwepheshe obusha kwi ukukhiqizwa futhi ukusetshenziswa kohlobo oluthile imithombo. Ngakho kubalulekile ukuhlola:

• I degree of isisetshenziswa lokulondoloza (umehluko izinsiza ezisetshenziswa eyonga ugesi ezivamile imishini, ngokuba kwesikhathi sokukhokha phakathi ukuthuthukiswa esilinganayo amandla).
• Umthelela amandla isizukulwane (umehluko noma i-ratio imiqulu elakhiwe isikhathi esithile eliqhathanisa ukuhlukahluka amandla ukusebenzisa imithombo efanayo).

Lezi zinombolo asinike umcabango wokuba ukuya ekubalweni umphumela kwezomnotho. Kulinganiselwa ngokuqhathanisa izindleko ezivelayo e kwe-imishini emisha (futhi mhlawumbe ukuliqaqa ubudala), futhi imali ebezilokhu amandla lapho esikhundleni apharathasi nokumosha sesimanje ngaphezulu (isikhathi esithize). Lo mehluko wenza umphumela ukuthi umnikazi uzothola ngemva kwenkathi ethile yesikhathi emva isicelo izixazululo eyonga amandla. Ngokuvamile, ukufaka ukushisa kanye solar okhokhela uqobo eminyakeni 3-5.

Umlando izinhlelo kuhle kwegezi eRussia

Kanye nezinye osendaweni kubalulekile Izinjongo wezwe, kuhle kwegezi eRussia Kwenziwa esebenzisa kabanzi iminyaka eminingi Uhlelo-target indlela ukuphathwa. Amandla Ukulondoloza Uhlelo iqoqo izenzo ukuze afinyelele imigomo ethize kanye nemisebenzi ethile.

Uhlelo lokuqala "Amandla Umnotho ngokuyikho ngoba 2002-2005. Futhi kuze kube 2010" 17.11.2001 sivunyiwe Nokho RF Uhulumeni Isinqumo inombolo 796. izinguquko Positive iphutha ngenxa kohlelo fuel namandla eziyinkimbinkimbi we Russian Federation, ngenxa yokuhluleka ohlelweni yokusekela uhlelo ukusebenza yayo iye wehlile ngo-2006, futhi yavalwa WaseRussia Uhulumeni №1446-ZU k.

Uhlelo isimo yesibili "Amandla ekulondolozeni kanye nokusebenza kwamandla ngoba isikhathi kuze 2020" isinyathelo iminyaka 2.5 kuphela futhi kususwe RF Uhulumeni N 479 ngo-2013.

Kunalokho, wafakwa olunye uhlelo of kwagezi "Energy Efficiency naMandla Development", eyathatha isikhathi esingaphansi konyaka, futhi ngo-2014 RF Uhulumeni Isinqumo 15.04.2014 N 321 yavalwa.

Kuze kube manje, kukhona uhlelo "Amandla kahle futhi amandla ukuthuthukiswa" omusha kusuka 2014 (evunywe RF Uhulumeni Isinqumo 15.04.2014 N 321). Ukusebenza kwalo kusazobonakala, kodwa kakade kukghonakale ukuhlola lokhana ubukhulu Imiphumela kulindeleke :. 2020 GDP energy ukusetshenziswa awe ezingaphezu kuka-9% uma kuqhathaniswa ne 2007 ezingeni. njengengxenye yalolu hlelo kuhlelwe nokuba ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa amalahle, uwoyela, igesi, ukusetshenziswa ehlukile imithombo energy embonini.

Kwegezi izakhiwo zokuhlala kanye nomphakathi eMoscow

Njengoba sekunama-uhlelo lokuqala ku kwagezi yokusondela ukwakhiwa eRussia ishintshile kakhulu. izidingo ezikhethekile zokulawula sokuvikelwa ezishisayo wokuvikela imiklamo izakhiwo kanye namandla abo ukusetshenziswa kwangena. Abaklami ngokuqinile zilandela izimfuneko kwemibhalo normative, kodwa ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izindlu zokuhlala e Moscow, ezakhiwa emva 2000, cishe 2 izikhathi ephakeme ukwedlula standard isethi. Ngokwesilinganiso ngesikhathi Ukushisa baze washisa 160 kWh m ² isikhala phansi ngayinye, ngesilinganiso esingamaphesenti kWh 95 ku 1 m ^2. Kule ndaba, izinguquko eziye owethulwa, okwaholela ukuba ningabi nje kuphela ekuphathweni energy ukusetshenziswa, kodwa futhi ukuze ukusetshenziswa ethize izixazululo eyonga amandla kumaphrojekthi Izakhiwo zokuhlala nendawo yomphakathi.

Okwamanje emakhaya nasezibhedlela izakhiwo kwenjongo yezenhlalakahle (.. Izinkulisa, izikole, njll), kunezinhlobo ezahlukene izixazululo eyonga ugesi:

• amadivaysi ezisetshenzisiwe ukucabanga okuzenzakalelayo ashisayo kwamanzi kanye kokupholisayo ohlelweni bafudumale.
• Sebenzisa izilawuli amabhethri, okuvumela nomuntu ngamunye ukuze ulungise lokushisa egumbini uwedwa.
• amapayipi ukushisa namakhaza ukunciphisa nokushisa.
• Ezisetshenzisiwe ukupholisa izinhlelo nge uhlelo ukushisa yokutakula.
• Isakhiwo imvilophi zihlanganisa eliphezulu ukwahlukanisa kanye emithathu gumbi amafasitela.

Ngaphezu Standardization amaphrojekthi zezakhiwo, abanye izinyathelo ukuze sikhuthaze izindlu eyongayo zenzelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona intela okukhuthaza abanikazi izakhiwo ngendlela eyonga ugesi:

1. Kumila intela akubandakanyi impahla nge high amandla ikilasi kahle iminyaka emithathu kusukela ngosuku lokubhalisa (uMthetho Federal of 7.06.2011 inombolo 132-FZ).
2. Kungenzeka ukuba kabili ukwehla kwentengo mhlaba (uMthetho Federal of 23.11.2010 inombolo 261-FZ).

Letindlela tekukhutsata tariff futhi asetshenziswa njengoba indlela ka esekele ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo amandla izakhamuzi eMoscow.

State Imininingwane uhlelo ku kwagezi

State Information System (GIS) "Amandla kahle" uphakathi nendawo yonke Ukuthola ulwazi namandla kwemvelo. Ibalwa bakuleli zwe, abantu zomthetho, abasebenzi apharathasi isimo. Ngaphezu ulwazi mayelana izisombululo eyonga ugesi, ipumelelo izinto zanamuhla futhi ukukusiza ukwehlisa energy ukusetshenziswa amabhizinisi kanye abanikazi emizini yabazalwane, le platform liyasetshenziswa yisevisi State seqoqo ulwazi izinhlangano amandla isabelomali.

Umsebenzi yokugcina yaqaphela ngokusebenzisa module "Ulwazi kwagezi kanye nokusebenza kwamandla." Lapha izinhlangano kwesabelomali kanye nomasipala ukuba bavume ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezamandla ikumodi inthanethi, kusetshenziswa idatha elandelayo:

• Amandla Ukusebenza.
• Senhlangano.
• Staffing inhlangano.
• Invoyisizi uphethiloli kanye energy imithombo.
• iphasiphothi Technical saleso sakhiwo, idatha ye BTI.

Lokhu okusindisa module silondoloza izinhlangano izinsiza ziphoqelekile ukubika ukuthi ejensi kahulumeni ku izindleko energy, kodwa futhi inikeza ejensi wombuso ngokushesha futhi ngokunembile ahlaziye futhi sifinyelele eziphethweni mayelana yezinguquko kwinqubomgomo amandla leli lizwe.

Ekuphetheni, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi songa amandla - it is hhayi nje ukonga imali. Ngokuyinhloko kuyinto ukukhathazeka ngekusasa, okuzokwenza bahlala izingane zethu.