Akalutho uma eqhathaniswa naye isenzo emthethweni lobugebengu: umqondo nezinhlamvu

Ekusebenteni, ekulweni criminalization ezimweni yesimanje kuba izenzo indawo ngokusemthethweni kubhekwe zobugebengu, kodwa umehluko kusuka lobugebengu ukuziphatha emthethweni ngokwemvelo. Ngenxa yalokhu, namhlanje, nokuba khona umthetho kunemaphutsa kukhona nezindaba eziphathelene kwencazelo Eqinisweni emthethweni imingcele Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile. Kule ndaba, wonke umqondo kwaphuthuma lokungabaluleki isenzo. Ake sicabangele ke kabanzi.

ukubaluleka Criminal zomthetho lokungabaluleki isenzo

Okwamanje, lo mkhuba uhlala esisodwa sezigaba nzima kakhulu ukuqonda. Kuze kube manje, lo mthetho alinikezi incazelo ecacile. Akalutho uma eqhathaniswa naye isenzo emthethweni lobugebengu kuchazwe kusukela isikhundla mkhuba nakuba ngaphansi kophenyo. Imithetho komthetho akukho definition isimo sawo. Akukho ukuzwakala kule incazelo yezinto esibekela akalutho uma eqhathaniswa isenzo emthethweni lobugebengu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azikho izincazelo Plenum kwelanga. Nokho, ososayensi ezifundweni zabo zisebenze kulesi sigaba, ucabangela ukoniwa emthethweni lobugebengu, ikhumbula eziningi zindlela. Lezi ngokuyinhloko zihlanganisa usongo emphakathini. Tadisha kulokhu obala imiphumela emibi ezibangwa izenzo ezingekho emthethweni webhizinisi kokuziphatha. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ngokuyinhloko ekukhombeni izinkinga ukuhlanganisa izigaba ekhona amacala. Ikakhulukazi, sikhuluma emacaleni zokuphatha kanye amacala obugebengu. Ngakho, lesi sifundo igxile kokuhlaziya lomkhuba njengoba wodwana.

Imininingwane yalolu design

kufanele kuqala kunazo zonke ukuthi theorists kakhulu ithobela elithi "akalutho uma eqhathaniswa naye isenzo." Nokho, indlela amagama abekwe ngayo ezincwadini zomthetho ezinye ukungabaza. Lokhu kungenxa imininingwane yalolu elithi "isenzo". Kungaba kubhekwe njengendlela umbandela esiyisibopho injongo ukwakheka, futhi njengoba isici ukuziphatha emthethweni iyonke. Leli qiniso wethula emagama ku terminological apharathasi umkhakha. Kule ndaba, abanye amacala kukhona kwakungenangqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, Art. 8 Ikhodi. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ngesisekelo umthwalo lobugebengu - isenzo equkethe izingxenye ukoniwa. Njengomthetho, ukungahluzeki okutholakala lokhu ekwakhiweni bamshaya indiva. Nokho, isenzo ukhonza njengomdala okubonisa inhloso yobugebengu. Ngakho, enye isici esisodwa ingxenye wonke lomkhuba hhayi zingase zihlanganise ngesikhathi esifanayo zonke izakhiwo lwazo zonke izinto. Le nkinga kwahlongozwa ukuvumela esebenzisa imigomo emibili ngesikhathi esifanayo kwelinye design. Ngakho, nokucabangela kufanele kube ngaphansi akalutho uma eqhathaniswa naye izenzo kanye nobugebengu.

ukuziphatha

Ngokusho abanye abalobi, ukusetshenziswa lihambisana akalutho uma eqhathaniswa nomqondo umsebenzi ibukeka ingalungile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi leli gama yokugcina kusikisela umsebenzi isihloko. Nokho, ukuziphatha komuntu, kubukwe ngokomongo lokungabaluleki, ungaboniswa futhi zibukele. Kule ndaba, ke wakhetha ukusebenzisa igama elithi "ukuziphatha" ekuklanyweni, ngoba kumele ihlaziye e labafanelekako.

isici ngokwengqondo

Ngokuvamile Psychology elithi "ukuziphatha" iphathwa njengenhlangano nokuxhumana imvelo, evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke izidalwa eziphilayo futhi umlamuleli ngaphandle (motor) nangokwengqondo (yangaphakathi) umsebenzi. Okokuqala ngaleyo ndlela ihlanganisa izikhathi baxhashazwe. Ukuziphatha kwabantu has a ingemuva ezingokwemvelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke linesisekelo kunqunywa emphakathini. Ngo Psychology, ukuziphatha umphakathi wabantu kuchazwa njenganoma ekuguquleni isimo elingaphakathi into kuqhathaniswa abalulekile. Lubonakaliswa ngezenzo ngaphandle Ukwethwasa kohlelo lapho isihloko yaqaphela ugqozi. Ukuziphatha, ngaleyo ndlela ihlanganisa kokubili ifomu yekwentiwa yokukhuluma intando. Lenchazelo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba sihlaziye izenzo indoda, futhi kusukela ngaphakathi kulo kwabavela ngaphandle. Ukuziphatha ihlanganisa inhloko yemusho, mentiwa, inhloso kanye emaceleni latikhetsela. Lena i-ukuqonda esigabeni ngokwanele. Sibangelwa yokuthi into ekusunguleni nendlela ubala ihlaziye ngabodwa eziningana.

umkhuba zokulawula

Naphezu kuveza kahle we okushiwo isigaba, igama elithi "ukuziphatha" ayibonwa njengeselelesi umthetho definition. Ngamanye umthetho izwi iduduzekile, ingxenye isakhiwo. Ubala kuhlanganiswa nama-elithi "isenzo". Lesi sakamuva kubhekwa njengengxenye umkhuba, futhi ngenxa ekhombisa yekwentiwa kanye asebenzayo.

zindlela emithetho ebekwe

Izimpawu akalutho uma eqhathaniswa naye isenzo ingatholakala Art. 14 Ikhodi. Engxenyeni yokuqala yale ncazelo izigaba eziyinhloko setha izimboni. Likhuluma ingozi umphakathi icala, Ikhodi kungavunyelwe ngaphansi kokujeziswa. Kulokhu, lo mthetho unika igunya zezinto ezibonakalayo nezingokomoya yencazelo esisemthethweni. Ngo ukuthuthukiswa lesi sici ku ingxenye iqoqo lesibili okuthile okuhlukile nemithetho jikelele. Leli gama lembula izenzo awacatshangwa ubugebengu. Ngokusemthethweni ziqukethe criteria laqanjwa ngokuyalela Ikhodi. Kodwa usongo yezenhlalakahle akha ngenxa yokuthi kukhona akalutho uma eqhathaniswa naye isenzo. Of Criminal Code kulesi simo siveza ukuziphatha nakuba yesaphulamthetho. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona zonke izidingo zokunikwa isenzo esingekho isihloko. Ngakolunye isikhundla - akukho ingozi emphakathini.

Ukuhunyushwa A. N. Soloveva

Umbhali uhlongoza ukuthi uthola incazelo ethe ukuhluka. Ikakhulukazi, uyakholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu ngeke kube ngobala icala, ukuziphatha, noma ngokomthetho kuhlanganisa iqoqo izici Ukwakheka elithile, njengoba kuhlinzekwe kule Mithetho, kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka noma ezingeni usongo kancane awufiki kangangoba sizalwa nawo kuleli cala. Kulesi ekwakhiweni, amaphutha methodological zitholiwe. Endaweni yokuqala ekwelapheni okhathazekile esiyimbangela isixhumanisi. Ngokusho lokhu definition kunikeza umbono wokuthi ongaphakeme noma kungekho usongo kuyinto ubugebengu engasho lutho, kodwa hhayi ngendlela efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okungasekelwe ndawo ukuze sixoxe ngalokho esahlukweni ukuziphatha awufiki ezingeni ecacisiwe. Iqiniso ukuthi siyingozi emphakathini ngokwemvelo kakade. Lezi amaphutha kutholwa ekuchazweni umbhali we okushiwo lomkhuba. Ngokusho Solovyov, amacala amancane - sici zenhlalakahle kanye wezomthetho ekuziphatheni okuthize. Iveza aspect obusebenzayo, lapho isenzo usongo ezingeni ehlanganisa Ukwakheka isici ngaphansi Ikhodi ngaphandle kokufinyelela ngokwezinga ukuthi ukuhlaselwa emthethweni esingokwemvelo.

nezinye ukubukwa

Ngokusho NM Yakimenko, impumelelo kuyinto ekwakhiweni ubugebengu ngeke zize zithathwe isenzo, hhayi usongo ngenxa ubala yayo, okuyinto yena, kunqunywa ikhumbula nemvelo, indlela, into ukuhlaselwa, okuqukethwe Motifs, imiphumela, amazinga unecala, okuhlosiwe okonile. A incazelo kancane ezahlukene Bazarov. Ngokubona kwakhe, ubugebengu ngeke zize zithathwe isenzo okuyinto, nakuba iqukethe izici esisemthethweni sokuqanjwa elicacisiwe Ikhodi, kodwa ngenxa usongo encane yezenhlalakahle abangelutho. Okuningi definition enwetshiwe inikezwe Zawidow futhi Borbat. Ngokombono wabo, ubugebengu akuyona ukuziphatha, ngokomthetho eliqukethe sokunquma sanoma yiziphi isenzo emthethweni ngokunqaba Ikhodi, kodwa ngenxa ubala yayo akusho pose kakhulu usongo, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kokudala ukulahlekelwa okukhulu futhi ingeyona usongo walo muntu, umphakathi kanye nesimo.

Izici Key

Kafushane nje, kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi sokunquma okuyinto kunqunywa akalutho uma eqhathaniswa naye isenzo, njengoba kulandela:

1. wrongfulness loluhlelekile. Ukuziphatha wesifundvo kufanele kube nezici samanje laqanjwa ngokuyalela Ikhodi. Nokucabanga lapha akusilo ungubani nenqubo, futhi zifana.
2. ingozi ngokwengxenye yomphakathi. isigaba kubhekwe akufaki usongo emphakathini ngokugcwele. Empeleni, umuntu akalutho uma eqhathaniswa zokuziphatha kuyivumela kwakufanele kubhekwe njengokungekho emthethweni. Noma kunjalo, imiphumela zenzeke. Lokhu, isibonelo, kungenzeka umonakalo ongabalulekile ezempilo, impahla kanye nezinye ukulahlekelwa reparable.
3. Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana emphakathini nenzuzo, ongachemile uzisola ukuziphatha isenzo. Ngokungafani izici okukhulunywa ngayo Art. 8 izenzo azinazo lezi zimpawu Umbuso indawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo asikwazi ukusho mayelana nekwemukeleka noma admissibility, pardonable, hlangothi inhlangano ukuziphatha kwakhe kwenye indawo kommangalelwa / umsolwa. It is hhayi ukuba amkhuthaza futhi Akuwona wonke umuntu osamukelayo umthetho, kodwa hhayi ngokwanele ukuba ulethe sezomthetho.
4. isigaba Assessment. Umbuzo we akalutho uma eqhathaniswa naye oyedwa noma omunye isenzo kokuziphatha - inkinga yokuthi. Kungumsebenzi of lo mseshi, inkantolo, umphenyi, umshushisi. Esimweni ngasinye umuntu ogunyazwe ngamunye ahlaziye umonakalo kanye nezinye izimo oluyiqiniso. Kususelwa ubulungiswa siqu washayelwa okukhipha ezifanele. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuziphatha uthathwa lobugebengu noma engabalulekile.
5. Nezenzakalo. Kuphela uma ikhona, ungakwazi ukubona akalutho uma eqhathaniswa isenzo. Sihlose kulokhu kungase kube ngokungaqondile neqondile. Nokho, noma kunjalo, kuyoba ethize kakhulu. isimo sokungakhethi kwesikhwama ezithile ngenhloso ubeka neziqu yokuziphatha ngemiphumela yako (olwenziwa umonakalo ukuhlolwa). Kubalulekile futhi ukusungula ngenhloso futhi beqondiswa nguye.
6. Ukwehluka ubugebengu. Irrelevance Yokuziphatha engabondli abakubo usongo ukubonakaliswa okukhulu intando yombambiqhaza. Ngakho, inyumbazana futhi emthethweni lobugebengu. Noma kunjalo iqedwe kuleli cala kuphela uhlobo langempela wokuziphatha emthethweni. Nokho, Ngokusemthethweni, luhlala emthethweni. Ukukhishwa langempela ukuze criminalization izenzo isihloko akukuniki isisekelo lokuhlobanisa ukuziphatha ongabalulekile izenzo ze-non-lobugebengu.

Banikezwe ngenhla, singakwazi ukusungula yencazelo generalized esigabeni. Akalutho uma eqhathaniswa naye isenzo, ngakho eka- ngokusemthethweni emthethweni, ngenhloso, kungekho uhlamvu ezahlukene emphakathini ewusizo, excusable futhi ukungathathi hlangothi ukuziphatha akusho usongo ezinkulu. It efakwe Izikhonzi ogunyazwe ngokukhethekile ngokuhambisana nezimo lomcimbi. abantu abanekhono, ikakhulukazi, wafunda ukuziphatha isephulamthetho (ukulimala siqu, impahla, idumela, njll).

Imigomo ubala ukuqashelwa

Ingxenye 2 tbsp. 14 we Criminal Code usungula futhi ithuthukisa izici zenhlalo yobugebengu. Ikakhulu, uthi ngaphansi kwalo mkhakha ungatholi izenzo zokuziphatha, ngokomthetho kuhlanganise inqubo izingoma ezisohlwini Ikhodi, kodwa musa iwusongo abalulekile. Ukuze bona umuntu akalutho uma eqhathaniswa kumele kwenziwe ngesikhathi esifanayo izimo ezimbili:

1. Ukuziphatha awe ngaphansi izihloko lobugebengu. Kuyinto ke angakwazi ukuhlonza lezo zindlela sangaphandle ngokungemthetho.
2. Ukuziphatha isihloko kufanele kube kungekho ingozi emphakathini. Ngokuvamile akusiyo ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi umonakalo kusuka isephulamthetho izenzo muncu.

Ngokuvamile ezinye umonakalo, abanye asocial zenzeka kabi abangelutho. Kodwa abazange ukufinyelela isigebengu futhi ihlanganyela ekuziphatheni okubi ngokobulili, kwezigwegwe, civil, degree nezokuphatha blameworthiness. Kule ndaba, lapho yokungathathi icala enkantolo ngenxa immateriality noma umphenyi iyohlola zisebenzise isilinganiso wemfanelo.

esibalulekile

Ngeke kubhekwe isenzo ongabalulekile, lapho khona izici ubugebengu elihlobene ne-ukushonelwa Eqinisweni, kodwa wangafika. Irrelevance kumele kube kokubili subjective futhi umgomo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umuntu wayefuna enze isenzo ongabalulekile, akuwona umcimbi livelile ngenxa yezizathu ezingaphezu kwamandla akhe. Endabeni ka kwehlukana kokusebenza langempela nenjongo kuncike kukhona umthwalo lokuzama isinyathelo emthethweni ukuthi wayehlose ukwenza. Ayikho ubala esimweni isenzo ngenhloso hhayi ucacise. Kuyinto, ngokukhethekile, mayelana nokuziphatha lapho isephulamthetho kwase kusengaphambili futhi oyifunayo okuvela ongakhetha kungenzeka emibi isisulu. Bese kufika umthwalo umonakalo ngempela. Kodwa kulokhu, ukuxoshwa kunjalo ngenxa immateriality akayikungilandela.

isilawuli zokulawula

Kuyinto ezihlukahlukene elawula ukuziphatha kwabantu, phakathi kwabo okuthiwa iziqondiso lobuchwepheshe emphakathini. Abenzi lutho kulawulwa umthetho, kodwa kungase kufakwe imithetho ephathelene lapho umphakathi. Kulezi zimo, amalungiselelo anjalo ukukhonza njengoba enqabela zomthetho. Kuye umkhakha, okuyinto kulawulwa isenzo okungalungile, kungaba civil, lobugebengu kanye nezokuphatha. Isigaba yokugcina iyafana wesibili. Nokho, emacaleni zokuphatha libhekene ezisezingeni eliphansi ingozi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ezinye isibopho sezomthetho nemvelo.

Imininingwane yalolu ukusungulwa

Akalutho uma eqhathaniswa naye isenzo uzimisele kuphela ngokuhambisana nenqubo ebekwe Article wengxoxo. amahora 14. 2 Ikhodi. Uma kubhekwa liqine kobukhulu izici subjective futhi umgomo we ukuziphatha ngokuvamile. Nokho, kufanele sikhumbule nezimpawu uxhumano obuseduze into eqondile yobugebengu. Kuzoba yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kunokwenza, izici kancane evelele bayokudla ifa. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izenzo indlela yokuziphatha, ngaleyondlela izingoma zazo kwakheka kwi uhlobo lwento, ngaphambili ekunqumeni ubala uye exponents usongo emphakathini. Lapho ngenela noma ufushanisiwe design esisemthethweni kuqala unikezwa ngegalelo lako. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi indlela yokwakheka impahla umonakalo ngokuvamile has inkulumo sasivumela ethize, okusho kuyoba ukufaka. Ngo izingoma esisemthethweni wayevame uye esingacaciswanga uhlamvu. Lokhu, sekudala izithiyo kwalophiko.

indilinga nokungena

Umthetho ayiqukethe uhlu izenzo ezingaholela kuyothathwa abangelutho ezimweni ezithile. Incazelo evamile Ingxenye Yesibili Art. 14 Ikhodi Yokuphepha isebenza kuzo zonke izigaba lokungaziphathi kahle. Kodwa ukuze siqaphele isenzo, isibonelo, ngokomthetho ewela ngaphansi kuka-Ukucaciswa felony abangelutho kodwa akukho ukulahleka isicelo into copyright, kumele kube nezici ezengeziwe. izimo ezinjalo, ikakhulukazi, faka irrelevance we umgomo ingxenye (ngokuvamile kungcono ukulungiselela nje ikhomishana isenzo esingekho emthethweni), sihileleke ngezinga elingakanani noma isihloko icala ukwephulwa, nokunye.

isiphetho

Ubala izenzo ngaleyo ndlela kusho ukuthi ubonisa, ziqondiswe into enjalo ukuthi zihlobana ngokwezinga elincane futhi kungenzeka kubangele lapho ulahlekelwe okuthile okuyigugu. Ngokwesibonelo, kuyacaca ukuthi ongabalulekile ukulungiswa amacala noma yisiphi isenzo kuwubala. Ngokuvamile, ngenhloso icala kufanele zithunyelwe ngqo ukuqaliswa ezincane isenzo kokuziphatha. Ukuze lo Eqinisweni, cabanga izimo ezahlukene. Isici esiyinhloko esivuna kuleli cala, degree of ukuziphatha ingozi komunye umuntu, umphakathi kanye nesimo. Lapho benquma ukuthi yini ubala ingxenye esebenzayo 2 tbsp. 14 Ikhodi. Ukuqhutshwa abangu isivumelwano ngenxa ukungabi khona Corpus isihloko ubugebengu lobugebengu. Kulokhu, isisulu yena angase amemezele akalutho uma eqhathaniswa nesenzo ummangalelwa. Nokho, kumelwe ukuba kuye ngokuzithandela, ngaphandle kwengcindezi. Futhi kulokhu, naphezu nesitatimende isisulu, isinqumo esiwujuqu mayelana umuntu akalutho uma eqhathaniswa noma izenzo zobugebengu izokwamukelwa abagunyaziwe. Ukusungulwa lokungabaluleki Nokho, akusho yokukhululwa emthwalweni zomthetho. Mthetho ibangelwa kuleli cala hhayi ziphathwe njengeselelesi, kodwa kungenzeka zibe ngaphansi izingoma izimfa abaphefumulelwe babhekisela kwezinye amakhodi. Ikakhulukazi, sidlule ukuba isigaba nezokuphatha lobugebengu. Ubala osebenza kuphela izenzo ngaphansi kwekhodi Penal. Kwezinye izimo, umphumela nezinye izijeziso kuyinsakavukela kweminye imikhakha. Ezimweni eziningi, ngeke ukwazi ukugwema umthwalo unecala. Nakuba eqaphela akalutho uma eqhathaniswa ukuziphatha kwakhe isijeziso ngeke ezinzima njengoba ngaphansi Criminal Code.