Okuzala izitho zezitshalo: imbali, nezithelo imbewu. Indlela ukuzalela izitshalo

izitho okuzala zezitshalo - imbali, imbewu kanye nezithelo. Zinikeza izitshalo ukuzala. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngamathonya ngamunye lezi zindikimba.

imbali

isitho esibalulekile kakhulu okuzala zezimbali - kuba imbali. Ubizwa a modified amahlumela short, okuyinto siphumelelisa loku Izitho zokuzala, akuzona zonke izitshalo, kodwa kuphela angiosperms. Sinesithakazelo izitho okuzala ka eziqhakazayo - kuba imfundo, okuyinto isendaweni peduncle. Iyatholakala igama ukwandiswa imbali Isiqu. Nazi zonke izingxenye imbali, main zazo - the pistil kanye stamens. Basuke etholakala maphakathi. I stamens ningumzimba eyensikazi - the pistil. Kugcine ngokuvamile uhlanganisa esibelethweni, isitayela kanye nenhlamba. Lesi sizalo has ovules, kwakhiwa okuyinto futhi ukuvuthwa iqanda. Anthers nentambo staminate - imibuso eyakha lo stamens. I anthers lokusanhlamvu impova itholakala lapho akhiwa sperms.

perianth

Angiosperms eziqhakazayo ubuye ube perianth. Kungani kudingeka? Lokhu akulona izitho okuzala ka angiosperms, kodwa amaqabunga ayo ukuvikela izingxenye yangaphakathi imbali. Sepals abizwa ngokuthi amaqabunga ayo yangaphandle, ngokuvamile oluhlaza. Bakha inkomishi. kwakhiwa Corolla is kusukela amacembe kwangaphakathi. Perianth libizwa double uma siqukethe Corolla futhi Calyx futhi elula - uma wenza amaqabunga efanayo. isici Dual rose, ipea kanye cherry. Futhi kukhona elula e lily kanye Tulip. Perianth kuyadingeka hhayi kuphela ukuvikela izingxenye imbali, ngaphakathi, kodwa futhi ukuba zikhange abathuthi bempova. Yingakho ngokuvamile ngakho libhekene ezinemibala egqamile kuye. Perianth e izitshalo emoyeni impova zivame encishisiwe. Futhi, kungenziwa emelelwa amafilimu kanye izikali (Poplar, e-aspen, willow, futhi birch, okusanhlamvu).

nectaries

Nectaries ngokuthi nezindlala ekhethekile abe ezinye angiosperms eziqhakazayo e izimbali zabo. Lezi nezindlala secrete odorous ketshezi okunoshukela ngokuthi umpe. Kuyadingeka ukuba zikhange abathuthi bempova.

Monoecious nezitshalo dioecious

Ngakho, ukuze izitho okuzala zalesi sihlahla libhekisela imbali. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-sezimbali ngenxa khona pistils kanye stamens. Labo izitshalo ukuthi kokubili nenye, ngokuthi monoecious (ikhukhamba, hazel, yebo isihlekehleke somuthi, corn). Uma pistils kanye stamens ethulwa kwi izitshalo ezahlukene, bebizwa dioecious (lalesi sihlahla, willow, willow, Poplar).

inflorescence

Manje cabangela inflorescence. Lesi sitshalo kungaba izimbali ezincane noma ezinkulu eziningi olulodwa. Small, ngabe kubhekwa konke, abizwa ngokuthi inflorescences. Ziyakwazi sigqamile xaxa ezithutha impova, kanye ngempumelelo impova ngumoya. Eziningana abahlukene izinhlobo inflorescences. Lapha benjalo.

izinhlobo inflorescences

• Indlebe - uhlobo okungukuthi sici isitshalo, kwi-eksisi eyinhloko okuyizinto izimbali sessile (ngaphandle peduncles).
• Kukhona indlebe eyinkimbinkimbi. Lakhiwa ngokuhlanganisa ezimbalwa ezilula (izibonelo - rye, ukolweni).
• UJakobe - uhlobo inflorescence, esibonakala by obukhulu central eksisi eqonde ngqo, lapho izimbali sessile (isibonelo esisodwa - calla).
• Ibhulashi - kulapho izimbali ku umoba, omunye ngemva komunye kwi-eksisi ezivamile. Izibonelo - cherry, lily we esigodini (bheka isithombe esingenhla).
• Kukhona uhlobo inflorescence, efana, bemewula ngeqoma. Lubonakala, ngokukhethekile, ngoba dandelion kanye chamomile. Kulokhu, lo esosweni emise uqweqwe-eksisi jikelele kuhlelwe isibalo esikhulu sezithunjwa izimbali zihlalo.
• Shona - olunye uhlobo ezithakazelisayo. It libhekene yokuthi izimbali ezincane sessile eyindilinga ufushanisiwe at eksisi (clover).
• Kukhona isambulela elula (isib, evening primrose noma cherry). Kulokhu, lo ezinkulu-eksisi (ufushanisiwe) izimbali zitholakala kwi umoba efanayo eside.
• Kodwa ngo-parsley noma isanqante inflorescences inikeza lonke iqembu elinabantu izambulela elula. Lolu hlobo ibizwa ngokuthi isambulela eziyinkimbinkimbi.
• Ngokungafani yabalindi ibhulashi izimbali kukhona indiza efanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, pedicels, okuyinto ukudlulisa kusuka eksisi emaphakathi, kukhona anobude obungalingani (ipheya, Yarrow).
• Panicle inflorescence kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi nge amagatsha amaningi lateral, okuyinto aqukethe enezinto, emabhulashini (Lilac, i-oats, njll).

Ingxenye izimbali kwezinye inflorescence siqukethe eyodwa kuphela ye-Corolla. Ngamanye amazwi, lo stamens futhi pistil abanalo. Okungukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, isakhiwo Izimbali the zinhlobo plant ezifana sunflower noma uDaisy (ngenhla).

ukuzala izitshalo

izitho okuzala zezitshalo - izimbali, izithelo nembewu. Ukuze yakha imbewu udinga impova, esisogwini stamens, bathuthela inhlamba. Ngamanye amazwi, kubalulekile ukuthi kukhona impova. Esimweni lapho impova ivuliwe inhlamba imbali efanayo, kukhona self-impova (kakolweni, uphizi, ubhontshisi). Kodwa ngokuvamile ngenye indlela. Endabeni uMhloli Wemiqulu stamens esisogwini impova eyodwa isitshalo udluliselwa ngehlazo ezinye. Kanjani yena efika khona? Kanjani izitshalo ukukhiqiza kabusha? Asivume.

abathwali impova

impova esomile encane uyakwazi ngokudlulisela umoya (birch, hazel, Alder). Izimbali zezitshalo emoyeni impova ngokuvamile encane, eligoqiwe inflorescences. Basuke noma kabi athuthukile noma perianth non-akukho. Impova, ngaphezu kwalokho, bangafeza izinambuzane. Kulokhu izitshalo abizwa ngokuthi Entomophilous. Le nqubo ingathatha ingxenye nezinyoni ngisho ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Ngokuvamile, izitshalo ezifana izimbali elimnandi, ezimibalabala, aqukethe umpe. Ezimweni eziningi, impova okunamathelayo, it has ezihlobene ekhethekile - izingwegwe.

Ngokubona kwakhe umuntu lungasisiza futhi ukuba impova, wabangela ukuba stamens udlulela inhlamba. Kulokhu, uMhloli Wemiqulu libizwa. Isetshenziselwa, ngokukhethekile, ukuthuthukisa isivuno noma ukukhiqizwa izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo nezilwane.

gametophyte besilisa

Zempova, eyaziwa kithi njengoba impova - iyona gametophyte wesilisa, kwakheka okuyinto ku stamens. Ukwakheka lezi okusanhlamvu babe amaseli ezimbili - okuzala futhi vegetative. Eyokuqala isidoda kwakhiwa - ucansi amaseli besilisa.

Female gametophyte

Ngo ovule, esibelethweni pistil ku kwakhiwa gametophyte zesifazane. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-sac eziyisishiyagalombili umbungu. Lokhu gametophyte empeleni umele omunye cell lapho kukhona nuclei haploid eziyisishiyagalombili. Omunye wabo mkhulu kune abanye. Ibizwa ngokuthi iqanda futhi sise pyltsevhoda. Kukhona futhi nuclei ezincane ezimbili, okuyizinto maphakathi. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-cores emaphakathi.

Inqubo sokukhulelwa

Uma inhlamba uthola impova iseli vegetative uqala zikhule zibe impova ishubhu. Kulokhu ihamba okuzala cell micropyle (pyltsevhodu). Kule minyaka emibili isidoda ufake ngaphakathi komgodlana umbungu. Ngenxa yalokho, kokukhulelwa kwenzeka. Kumiswa zygote is lapho iqanda okuhlanganisiwe omunye isidoda. Kule umbungu imbewu bese andise. Kepha isidoda yesibili, okuhlanganisiwe ne-cores central (you khumbula bobabili). kwakhiwa Ngakho triploid endosperm imbewu. It oluhlala izakhamzimba. Testa kwakhiwa kusukela ikhava ovule. Lena double kokukhulelwa inqubo. It wavulwa S. Navashin, isazi sezitshalo isiRashiya, e 1898. Izithelo kwakhiwa kusuka noma udonga enwetshiwe esibelethweni, noma ezinye izingxenye imbali.

izitho okuzala izitshalo zihlanganisa, njengoba ungabona, futhi imbewu izithelo. Incazelo emfushane ngamunye.

imbewu

Ukwakheka imbewu kuhlanganisa imbewu elingenamikhono, endosperm kanye naleli gciwane. Yangaphandle zokuzivikela ihlanganisa Testa yayo ngokwanele aminyene. Ihlumela has yomgogodla, gemmule, kuba isihloko sesiqu, futhi cotyledons, okuyinto izitshalo amahlamvu kuqala sombungu. Uma i-embryo has eyodwa cotyledon, isitshalo okuthiwa monocots. Uma bobabili - bipartite. Izakhi kanengi endosperm noma cotyledons (isitoreji ekhethekile emzimbeni). Kulo mBhalo, i-cotyledons neze athuthukile.

isithelo

Lena isakhiwo kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho indalo ngeke iqhaza, ngaphandle pestle, namanye izingxenye imbali: the ayesisebenzisa, kumila sepals kanye amacembe. Izithelo, kwakhiwa kusukela pestles amaningi lokuqoqa (amajikijolo, ama-raspberry).

Kufanele ukuthi ukuma izithelo wehlukile kakhulu. Kuyinto inombolo ehlukile imbewu. Kulesi sisekelo ukwaba odnosemennye izithelo seeded. Lokhu kungenxa inani ovules e esibelethweni. Izimali nazo izithelo ezomile kanye namanzi.

Ngakho, siye echazwe kwezitho okuzala ka izitshalo. Ekuphetheni, thina sichaze nendlela yokuzigwema ukuze asakaze imbewu kanye nezithelo. Kepha impova ukuhlehlisa it okukhulunywa ngenhla.

Distribution imbewu nezithelo

Sinesithakazelo izitho okuzala zezitshalo (imbewu kanye nezithelo), esakaza, ukukhuthaza zinhlobo ukuchuma zisakaza izitshalo. Abakwazi uyiswe bebodwa, okuyinto ejwayelekile zinhlobo ezifana ngomuthi ophuzi, impatiens, lupin, violet, geranium. Izithelo lezi zitshalo ukwambula uma sesivuthiwe, futhi ngamandla aphonse imbewu kwi amabanga sasivumela eside. Le ndlela ukusatshalaliswa libizwa avtohoriey.

Umoya lungasisiza futhi ukuba izithelo. inqubo okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi anemochore. amanothi Hydrochory uma inqubo ngokudlulisela amanzi ingxenye ornitohoriya - izinyoni zoochory - izilwane. izindlela ezinjalo abazenzi imbewu plant, okuyinto abe izithelo namanzi. Kule minyaka engu-ngokuvamile ukuthuthukisa okunamathelayo into noma slinging (burdock, uchungechunge, njll ..). Lokhu kunomthelela ukusabalala simila. Man nakho kufeza indima ebalulekile. kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile umphumela wawo isitshalo zisakaza ngesikhathi yamuva ukuxhumana phakathi amazwekazi kanye namazwe.

Ngakho sakhuluma mayelana nendlela asakaze izitshalo. Njengoba ubona, le nqubo ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi. Noma kunjalo, kuyaphumelela kakhulu.