Ukuze wazi ngokuzibonela ukuthi yini oprichnina

Lokho oprichnina, wonke umuntu uyazi. Lena inqubomgomo yomphakathi ngonyaka 1565-1572 Russia: inqubomgomo autocratic zobuphekula, ngalesosikhathi phinde cishe njalo kuyithuba yomlando (hhayi kuphela e-Russia).

Futhi ngenxa yokuthi kube vu yasendlini. Oprichnina - isimo ngaphakathi esimweni, abahlala zabo (ngokuvamile iningi - impisi) imithetho futhi ngqo oprichnik kungenziwa ngokuthi iliphi inxusa wamaphoyisa omshoshaphansi, ezihilelekile kule zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. Kuyakuba khona impande izwi oprichnina e ubudala - "OPRICH" - ekhethekile, ngaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, oprichnina (ekhethekile) ingxenye ifa, okuyinto uthola umfelokazi.

Oprichnina nasemiphumeleni yaso

Eminyakeni okwakhayo Russia (njengoba uMbuso), ngesikhatsi sekubusa onegazi ngowokuqala Russian Tsar John IV (i-Kubi) ukuze babacinezele engapheli Livonian neMpi, futhi kwakukhona okufana "izilo" phakathi kwezitha isimo, efana Sweden, ePoland, eLithuania futhi Krymskoe Hanstvo. Futhi kulo lonke izwe wayengekho: ku amasu okugumbuqela imibuso esigodlweni njalo ekhula, ngobuqili izimisele nokubulala, abantu bekhathele beyingcuba ngenxa nesomiso, nendlala, nesifo, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe. Russia ihlushwe nxazonke: ngasenyakatho nasentshonalanga wabubula kuphangwa nabasePoland naseLithuania, abaseSweden ezazihlupha emaphethelweni Novgorod, empumalanga naseningizimu ye-dolobha ashisiwe umndeni Russian ka Khan Giray - Kazan, Astrakhan, futhi YaseCrimea. Igunya yenkosi esahambile ezingaphezu kuka egcwele: Boyar abahlangene bodwana ngokucwasa (le Duma futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwaba umzimba zokuphatha main) kanye emasotjeni uxhumano zezombusazwe ku-akhawunti kuzuze bona kuphela nasenkosini hhayi kuboniswane. Njengoba wazi, Ivan neziphathimandla Kubi namanje wathatha. Futhi - ezingaphezu kuka egcwele. Ukuba omunye emiqondweni ekhaliphile kakhulu isikhathi sethu, lolungenamaphutsa abafundile emikhakheni eminingi yolwazi, it is, ngaphezu kwakho konke, qinisa isimo futhi ubukhosi izinguquko eziningana. Phakathi neminyaka engu-50 wokubusa kwakhe, iRussia anda insimu yalo ngu-100%! Wanqoba cishe kuzo zonke izimpi. ukuhweba Aqine futhi enobudlelwane ngisho ne-England. Kuphela Baltic yehlulekile ukuthola isizinda (Isikhathi asikafiki). Nokho, amazwe aseYurophu baye Sikhatsateke kakhulu aphikelele lemizamo. Yilokho oprichnina. Izazi-mlando eziningi ukuthi kwakuyincasakazi esona kunqunywa impumelelo izinkampani kakhulu Ioanna Groznogo.

Kodwa, ngenxa yalokho, Russia baba isimo amaphoyisa. Izwe wayegcwele isibindi abantu nomlomo efile inja futhi umshanelo, eyibophele isihlalo sehhashi ukuthi ndaba zalutho inkunzi, behlushwa, abulawe. Abathukuthele yonke indawo, ukhohlwa ezinhle nezinjongo oprichnina (ngokuyinhloko, kuba sihlangane balo lonke izwe isiRashiya, nokuqedwa kwehlukana amakhosi asendulo, pristrunenie ukuzimela boyars nge kuhlukunyezwa kwabo esingakhulumekiyo). Boyars ezithathwe uhlangothi, yebo. Kodwa sebelahlekelwe yini! I nonogada eliholwa John ngokoqobo wabhubhisa izwe futhi ahlukunyezwe. Abalimi wabaleka uvela emafeni bahlukunyezwa nezingane amakhosi yasendlini, ezweni wawungenalutho, ngemva kwempi enkulu. Okuqhubekayo indlala eside. Ngenxa yalokho, umthetho laqanjwa "iminyaka AVIKELWA", kusukela lapho ukwanda kancane kancane serfdom. Nge kwesikhathi nonogada aphelelwa ukwesaba futhi unembeza wokugcina, ukuvilapha bese ukhohlwa imigomo ukuze enye impi nge Khan Giray nje azange avele. Lesi senzo kubonakala ngokukhethekile lokho oprichnina. Kodwa kusukela eyodwa kuphela umgomo oprichnina wawenziwa (autocracy eqinisa) kahle - Thola amandla agcwele John asebenzelana ngayo oprichniki yakhe kangangokuthi ngisho becindezela ngezimpande Tver, Torzhok, Novgorod nezinye imizi kanye nemizana ngokuqinisekile akafe.

Oprichnina isikhali

Oprichnina ngokuqinisekile ayeyobe aba yinsika okuqhubekayo igunya central ngokumelene boyars mva nge ukuhaha kwakhe, ukuxabana nokukhaphela ezimbi konke okungcwele.

Kodwa! Lena - inkemba double nhlangothi zombili. Uhlangothi lwesibili nayo kuqhathaniswa inzuzo futhi autocracy. Indlela ukuze kufezeke izinhloso Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke efanayo. Futhi akuyona lowo muntu obalulekile, asho into waphawula kwaholela oprichnina - inkosi UJohane umashiqela Pinochet, eYurophu nase-Asia Youth Union nophinde abe ezinye izinhlobo zemali ezinkulu. Ukuqamba iyona oprichnina elimazayo, ulwazi wenuzi noma - futhi abantu bayafa namanje (okungenani eyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlushwa) khumuza edolobheni, hamba lwanyamalala ezweni Echichima impilo. Oprichnina ngeshwa nimi umhlaba ngokuqinile kunesihlalo sobukhosi ababusi Russian. Futhi sorry nakakhulu ezingxenyeni eziningi iplanethi yethu, ngubani azibonela okungukuthi oprichnina.