Isikhulu kuqala eRussia. Izikhulu lokuqala eRussia: etafuleni

Ukwakheka kwesizwe, kamuva esabizwa ngesizwe Rus, Rusich, isiRashiya, amaRashiya, isibe omunye izizwe eziqine kakhulu emhlabeni, uma kungekhona eziqine, owaqala ngokuvukela ubunye lwamaSlav kuxazululwe phezu East European Plain. Bavelephi? Kuleli zwe, lapho - alwaziwa. Umlando zemihla ungenabo ubufakazi Ruses emakhulwini okuqala AD akuyona babanjiwe. Kuphela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu IX - isikhathi lapho isikhulu lokuqala eRussia - kungenzeka ukulandelela ngokuningiliziwe inqubo ekwakheni isizwe.

"Woza wena usibuse ..."

Ngokwe-umzila wamanzi oxhumanisa enkulu ukuthi Imifula eminingi namachibi axhumene zonke East European Plain, wahlala zakwa-Ilmen lasendulo Slovenes, glades, Drevlyane, Krivichy, Polotsk, Dregovichi, northerners, Radimichi Vyatichi, ngikutholile ngento eyodwa ngoba wonke Igama - lwamaSlav. amadolobha amabili amakhulu lakhiwa ithu yisidala gogo - Dnieper futhi Novgorod - ukusungula esimweni emazweni esase sikhona kakade, kodwa ababusi akudingeki. Izizwe kubizwe izinkomba kwababusi uvele lapho emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke ababusi lokuqala eRussia zalotshwa. Ithebula nge amagama abo aqukethe imigqa embalwa nje, kodwa emgqeni main emlandweni wethu.

inqubo yokushaya ukuphathwa lwamaSlav amaViking yaziwa kithi esikoleni. I Okhokho balezi zizwe, ukhathele skirmishes njalo futhi ngilwa nezinye ngamunye, izithunywa Ukhethe izikhulu isizwe Rus 'owayehlala for oLwandle iBaltic, futhi bayalwa ukuba atshele lezo "... Lonke izwe sethu sikhulu futhi ocebile, kodwa akukho ingubo (isb. E . akukho ukuthula nokuhleleka). Woza wena usibuse. " We phendula call of Rurik abazalwane sineus futhi truvor. Asizange ukuza wedwa, kodwa impi yakhe, + wagogobala Novgorod, Izborsk futhi Byelozero. Kwakuwusuku ngonyaka 862. Futhi abantu, lapho acala kubusa, waqala ukubiza Russ - ngaphansi kwegama lesizwe sabantwana Varangian izikhulu.

Okuchitha okutholakele sokuqala mlando

Kunenye, umbono ezingadumile kakhulu mayelana nezikhulu ukufika zabaltiyskih ezweni lakithi. Njengoba version olusemthethweni, kwakunabazalwane ezintathu, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi tomes ubudala zafundwa (okuhunyushiwe) okungalungile, futhi befika emazweni Slavic akhulume ngombusi oyedwa kuphela - Rurik. Isikhulu lokuqala eRussia lasendulo ukuza namabutho akhe athembekile (amaqhawe) - "Tru-isela" e Old Norse, nendlu yakhe (kusukela, ekhaya) - "blue-Hus". Yingakho isiphakamiso Kwakukhona izelamani ezintathu. Ngesizathu esithile, izazi-mlando ephetha ngokuthi ngemva kweminyaka emibili ukuthuthela Slovenia, kokubili ukuze umzalwane -called Rurik die (ngamanye amazwi, igama elithi "deda-isela" futhi "blue-Hus" ayisaxhunyanisiwe okukhulunywa encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla). Omunye kungaba zilandise eziningana nezinye izizathu zinyamalala. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi ngesikhathi ibutho, okuyinto eye eqoqwe isikhulu lokuqala eRussia, kwakungadingeki ngokuthi 'umshikashika-isela "futhi" isikwati ", futhi weza kuye srodstvenniki - hhayi" blue-Hus "futhi" uhlobo ".

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zanamuhla zasendulo ziya ngokuya oyikholelwayo ukuthi Rurik yethu - Kayisilutho ngaphandle edumile emlandweni Danish konung Rorik Frislandsky, ezazidume ngokutshala kuphangwa yayo ngempumelelo kakhulu omakhelwane kancane ababuthakathaka. Mhlawumbe yingakho esebizwa ukuba ebhodini, ukuthi esenamandla, abanesibindi futhi engenakunqotshwa.

Russ lapho Rurik

Umsunguli kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo eRussia, umsunguli we lwamakhosi kwesikhulu, kamuva elaba bobukhosi, ukubuswa abantu abaziphathisiwe iminyaka engu-17. Yena kuhlangene kwelinye amandla Ilmen Slovenes, psovskih futhi Smolensk Krivichy lonke futhi Chud, northerners futhi Drevlyane, Meria futhi Radimichi. Izwe enamathiselwe amangalelwe kubabusi nasezincekwini zakhe. Lwathi luphela wokubusa Rurik sidilizwa Rus matasa ensimini ebanzi.

Ngaphezu umsunguli entsha kwesikhulu umndeni, umlando kanye Ezimbili umzalwane wakhe - Askold futhi Dir, esabekwa ucingo kwesikhulu lokusebenzisa amandla akhe phezu Kiev, kwaba ayikatholakali isimo elalisanda kumiswa ukubaluleka ophambili. Isikhulu kuqala eRussia Novgorod wakhetha wahlala kulo, lapho afela khona ngo 879, kokushiya ubukhulu Indodana encane Igor. Yindlalifa Rurik ukuze akwazi ukuzibusa bahluleka. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi amandla ngokugcwele wadlulela Oleg - nabangane kanye isihlobo elikude kwesikhulu oshonile.

Eyokuqala Russian ngempela

Ngenxa Oleg, wethiwa abantu Lesiprofetho, Russia sidilizwa yathola amandla, okungenzeka umona naseConstantinople futhi uMbuso WaseByzantium - eziqine okwamanje isimo. Lokho akwenza esikhathini isikhathi sakhe, isikhulu wokuqala Russian eRussia, ibamba isikhathi Igor ezincane banda abasizakali. Ngemva lokuqoqa bayibutho elikhulu, Oleg waya Dnieper esezansi kanye iwine Ljubech Smolensk, Kiev. Lesi sakamuva sathathwa ngokususa Askold futhi Dir, futhi owakhiwe la mazwe drevlyans neyaziwayo Igor umbusi walo wangempela, futhi u-Oleg - ibamba uyakufanelekela waze waba mdala yakhe. Henceforth inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia sabelwe Kiev.

Legacy Veschego Olega

izizwe eziningi wajoyina silibangise eRussia iminyaka wokubusa kwakhe, u-Oleg, ngaleso sikhathi wathi Russian ngempela, isikhulu kuqala hhayi Outlandish. umkhankaso wakhe wokulwa BoMbuso WaseByzantium yaphela ukunqoba ngokuphelele futhi uwine emuva izinzuzo Rousseau-trade khulula eConstantinople. Booty wabuyisela neqembu lo mkhankaso. Izikhulu lokuqala eRussia, okuyinto okungokukaNkulunkulu futhi Oleg, ngiqinisile Radel enkazimulweni isimo.

izinganekwane eziningi futhi izindaba eziyisimangaliso zamanje phakathi kwabantu ngemva kokubuya kwezinhloko zamaviyo ekuyeni iConstantinople. Ukuze singene esangweni lasekhaya edolobheni, Oleg ngaphambilini ukusetha imikhumbi leli sondo, nalapho umoya fair egcwele noseyili bayo, inkantolo "wahamba" yonkana emathafeni eConstantinople, ngokuletha ngokwesabekayo izakhamuzi. Kubi uMbusi waseByzantium Leo VI lacela umaluju kwelase, futhi u-Oleg kule emangalisa ukunqoba uphawu abethelwe ihawu lakhe emasangweni waseConstantinople.

Emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke iminyaka 911 Oleg isivele ukubizwa ngokuthi lokuqala Grand Prince of All Russia. Ngo-912, wafa, ngokwemfundiso yesiko, yi-Ukulunywa inyoka. Umthetho wayo oneminyaka engu-30 ngaphezulu kuka yaphela neze iqhawe.

Phakathi emandla

Ngemva kokufa kuka-Oleg nokuphatha ezibonakalayo enkulukazi ubukhulu wathatha Igor Ryurikovich, nakuba eqinisweni yena waba kumbusi wezwe kusukela 879-th. Ngokwemvelo, wayefuna ukuba ukuziphatha uyakufanelekela amandulela okukhulu. Wabuye alwa (kokubusa kwakhe Russia kwavele kokuhlasela lokuqala Pechenegs), wanqoba izizwe eziningana elingumakhelwane, baphoqeleka ukuba bakhokhe intela. Igor benza konke njengoba isikhulu lokuqala eRussia, kodwa umsebenzi oyinhloko iphupho lakhe - ayokuhlula waseConstantinople, kwaba kungabonakali ngokushesha. Futhi akuhambanga kahle konke emikhakheni yabo.

Ngemva ibhodi enamandla Rurik futhi Oleg, Igor kwaba buthaka okuningi futhi wazizwa drevlyans yisijaka, ngokwenqaba ukukhokha intela. Izikhulu lokuqala Kiev bakwazi ukuqhubeka izizwe edlubulundayo ngaphansi kolawulo. Igor futhi ngesikhathi lokhu kuhlubuka sekuqediwe, kodwa Drevlyane impindiselo lamfica isikhulu eminyakeni embalwa kamuva.

Usongo we Khazars, a Drevlyane ukukhashelwa

Kahle athuthukile ubudlelwano ne Umqhele Prince kanye Khazars. Luzama ukufinyelela yoLwandle iCaspian, Igor isivumelwano nabo ukuthi uyolahlekelwa squad olwandle, futhi ubaba uzobuya, ibanike isigamu ukukhiqizwa ocebile. Prince kwenziwa izithembiso zakhe, kodwa kwakunganele Khazars. Ukubona ukuthi preponderance kwamandla ohlangothini lwabo kube nempi enkulu, bababulala cishe wonke amaviyo Russian.

okudumazayo babebone Igor nangemva ngohambo lwakhe lokuqala eConstantinople ngo 941 - i-baseByzantium labhujiswa cishe wonke isikwati. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, befuna ukugeza ihlazo, Prince, ngokuhlanganisa ibe impi eyodwa Rus, Khazar ngisho Pechenegs futhi wahamba iConstantinople. Ngathola kusukela baseBulgaria, ukuthi ungamandla esesabekayo, umbusi ahlinzekwa Igoryu Mir at izimo ezikahle kakhulu, futhi isikhulu basamukela. Kodwa ngemva konyaka owodwa ukunqoba emangalisa kangaka, Igor wabulawa. Ukwenqaba ahloniphe ukuphinda, korestenskie drevlyans wabhubhisa OTRADA ambalwa nabathelisi, phakathi kwabo kwakukhona isikhulu yena.

Princess, owokuqala kuyo yonke into

Ngonya revenged amambuka unkosikazi Igor sika - Pskovityanka Olga, okuyinto wakhetha ukuba abe umkakhe Oleg ngisho Lesiprofetho 903. Drevlyans babhujiswa ngaphandle ukulahlekelwa Rus, le njengoba singahambi ngobuqili, kodwa futhi isu nabangenasihawu Olga - kunjalo nakanjani, sakwazi ukulwa izikhulu lokuqala eRussia. isihloko lezinceku umbusi wombuso ngemva kokufa Igor, Svyatoslav wathatha indodana umbhangqwana kwesikhulu, kodwa ngenxa lisafufusa zokugcina nambili kweminyaka ngoba unina kwaholela Rus.

Olga kuyinto ephawulekayo ukukhalipha, isibindi kanye nekhono ngokuhlakanipha uphathe isimo. Ngemva ukuthunjwa Korosten - main edolobheni Drevlyane - Inkosazana waya waseConstantinople walithatha ukubhapathizwa. Ibandla Orthodox wayesekhona Kiev futhi Igor, kodwa abantu Russian bakhuleka Perun futhi Veles, futhi ngokushesha aphambuka ubuqaba ebuKristwini. Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi Olga, okuyinto uthethe igama wobhapathizo sika-Elena, umgwaqo ngamatshe eRussia kanye lolu kholo olusha kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe (wafa ngo-969 inkosazana) akuzange kuyishintshe, ephakanyiswe ke isikhundla sokuba abangcwele.

Warrior kusukela usewusana

Russian Aleksandrom Makedonskim ngokuthi Svyatoslav NM Karamzin, umsunguli "isimo Russian." isibindi futhi isibindi Okumangalisayo kwahluka ababusi lokuqala eRussia. A ithebula elibonisa izinsuku ezomile wokubusa zabo, igcwele ekunqobeni ekhazimulayo futhi izenzo ukuze kuzuze lo wobaba ezimi segama ngalinye kuwo.

Ifa ngisho nalapho sengineminyaka emithathu Grand Duke isihloko (ngemva kokufa Igor), i-de empeleni waba umbusi Russia Svyatoslav kwaba kuphela 962. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva wayesekwazi ekhululwa kwekubuswa Khazars yayihlasela futhi yayinqoba i eRussia Vyatichi, futhi kule minyaka emibili ezayo - ezizweni eziningana zama-Slavic abahlala ngasemifuleni Oka, eVolga esifundeni, eCaucasus and aseBalkan. I Khazars bahlulwa, inhloko-dolobha yabo Itil esishiywe dengwane. Nge North eCaucasus Svyatoslav Wanika izwe izimbiza zabo (ama-Ossetic omdabu) kanye Kasogs (Circassians) bazohlala emizini okudalwe futhi Tmutarakan White Tower. Njengoba Prince wokuqala Zonke Russia, Svyatoslav wayekuqonda ukubaluleka wokwanda njalo ngezinto zalo ezibonakalayo.

Ufanele omkhulu enkazimulweni okhokho

Ngo 968, inqotshwe Bulgaria (Pereyaslavets idolobha kanye Dorostol) Svyatoslav hhayi ngaphandle isizathu, waqala sibheke izwe futhi siqine Pereyaslavets yayo - impilo enokuthula e Kiev akakuthandanga, nonina, Princess Olga, kubuswa kahle enhloko-dolobha. Kodwa ngemva konyaka eshona, futhi isikhulu baseBulgaria, united kumbusi WaseByzantium, impi. Ukuya wakhe, Sviatoslav kwesokunxele namadodana akhe ekuphathweni amadolobha amahle Russian Yaropolk - Kiev, Oleg - Korosten, uVladimir - Novgorod.

Kunzima futhi impikiswano kwaba empini - ekunqobeni impumelelo obuhlukahlukene kugujwa yanjalo nhlangothi zombili. Kuphelile ngxabano ukuthula isivumelwano, owawuthi Bulgaria Svetoslav ngakwesokunxele (ke enamathela ezintweni zakhe uMbusi WaseByzantium ioann Tsimiskhy) kanye eByzantium, ngokuba izwe uncome isikhulu Russian ezifakiwe.

Ukubuyela kusukela kule eziphikisa emkhankasweni walo ukubaluleka Svyatoslav ngesikhathi wama Beloberezhe ukuthi Dnieper. Kube kumile 972 e ibutho laso obuthaka wawashaya Pechenegs. Grand Duke wabulawa empini. Kuvikelwe udumo lwakhe njengoba ozalwa iqhawe Izazimlando yokuthi Sviatoslav kwaba Kuzonyuka emangalisayo ezinzima, ungase ulale phansi ezimanzi, ikhanda lakhe esakhiwe ngaphansi kwesihlalo, njengoba kwakunjalo ekhaya linesizotha hhayi kwesikhulu, ekudleni wayebuye nepriveredliv. Isigijimi sakhe sithi "Ngiya wena," waxwayisa ngaphambi kuhlasela izitha esikhathini esizayo, wehlela emlandweni njengoba Oleg isihlangu emasangweni waseConstantinople.