Isimiso sinobuciko futhi sibumbene: izibonelo nemithetho yokusetshenziswa

Bhala ibhuku elikhanyayo, elikhunjulwa kunzima. Kodwa abanye abalobi bayakwazi ukunqoba ukunakekelwa okuthakazelisayo nemisebenzi yabo. Iyini imfihlo yempumelelo yabo? Ake sizame ukuthola kulesi sihloko ukuthi bafinyelela kanjani ekuqaphelisweni kwendawo yonke.

Ulimi oluvamile

Isimagama siyinkulumo evamile - amagama anomthunzi owehla kakhulu, owenziwe ngesicocisi futhi onobucayi, otholakala ngaphesheya kwemingcele ye-syllable yokubhala. Awufaneli neze isibonelo, isitayela sezincwadi, kodwa ajwayele amaqembu ahlukene omphakathi futhi ayimpawu yamasiko nezenhlalakahle zalabo bantu abangakhulumi ulimi olulotshiwe. Amagama anjalo asetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlobo zokuxoxa: ngokuzilibazisa noma ngolimi olujwayelekile, ngamazwi okukhuluma ngamazwi nokunye okunjalo.

Ngokuvamile, isilulumagama esingafundile siyasetshenziswa njengenkulumo evamile, esetshenziselwa izingxoxo zabantu. Kodwa-ke, akukwazi ukuziphatha kabi futhi kube nokukhuluma okukhethekile. Kuhlanganisa, isibonelo, amagama anjengokuthi "ngaphakathi", "ngeze", "ngeze", "ngeyabo", "ngolunye usuku", "isikhathi", "kanzima," "ngobuningi", "ukhathele", "udoti" "Ukuphumula", "isisebenzi esinzima", "artachitsya", "brainy".

Ukuhweba kumachazamazwi, okubonisa ukunciphisa amagama we-stylistics namagama abo, ukunikeza ukulinganisa okuncane, kungenakubalwa. Isigama sesilimi esivamile siqukethe iphimbo lokuhlunga.

Futhi ingathola amagama ajwayelekile avumelekile, ahluke kuphela kuma-accentology kanye nama-phonetics ("tabaterka" esikhundleni sokuthi "i-snuffbox", "surreal" esikhundleni sokuthi "sína").

Izizathu zokusetshenziswa

Isimagama sisetshenziswe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilimi ngezizathu ezihlukene: ubudlelwane obuqondile bomlobi ochazwe, ama-pragmatic motifs (izinkulumo zamaphephandaba), izingcaphuno ezicacile kanye nokushaqisayo (amagama okuxhumana), imisho yezinhlamvu (imishwana yezobuciko). Ezingxoxweni ezisemthethweni nezentengiselwano, isilulumagama esivamile siyabonakala njengento entsha.

Isitayela esingathandeki

Ulimi olukhulunywa kabi luba nombala obuthakathaka, ocacile, ongekho emthethweni. Iqukethe, isibonelo, amagama anjengokuthi "shusher", "dilda", "obormot", "mug", "i-paunchy", "i-whacker", "i-muzzle", "i-harya", "izicathulo ezincane", "i-bitch", " Ukufa, "" ukulahla, "" isisu, "" hamlo. " Kuye kungokwemvelo engcolile, okungukuthi, izinkulumo ezingcolile (ulimi oluhlambalazayo). Kulesi sitayela, ungathola amagama anezincazelo ezivamile zomuntu ovamile (ikakhulukazi imetramorphic) - "umemeza" ("ukweba"), "ukusika" ("ukhuluma ngokukhazimulayo"), "roll" ("write"), "weave" ( "Ukukhuluma okungenangqondo"), "hat" ("sprawl"), "vinaigrette" ("mishmash").

Isitayela esinengqondo

Ukukhuluma ngesilulumagama kungenye yezigaba ezisemqoka zesilulumagama solimi lokubhala kanye ne-neutral kanye nencwadi yezinhlobo. Yakha amagama, eyaziwa ikakhulukazi emibintwaneni yezingxoxo. Lesi sitayela sigxile engxoxweni engakahleleki emkhathini wokukhulumisana nabanye (ukukhululeka kokukhulumisana nokuveza isimo sengqondo, imicabango, imizwa engxoxweni yengxoxo), kanye namayunithi amanye ama-third of the language, asebenza ikakhulukazi emibintwaneni yokuhlangana. Ngakho-ke, izinkulumo zansuku zonke zinombala owehlisiwe ocacile.

Uhlobo olukhulunywe luhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili eziyisisekelo zamakhono ahlukene: isilulumagama esikhulunywa ngomlomo nesimanje.

Silulumagama senkulumo

Yini ekhulunywayo nesilulumagama esivamile? Ulwazimagama luqukethe amagama okuziphatha kwemikhuba yokuxhumana ngomlomo. Imishwana yokuxoxa ayihambisani. Zitholakala ngaphansi kwamazwi angathathi hlangothi, kodwa ngokuya ngezinga lolimi lokubhala, lesi silulumagama sihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili aqakathekileko: i-lexicon yokuzibandakanya kanye nobufebe.

Ulwazimagama lwesilulumagama luhlanganisa amagama anikezela ukuthintana, okungahambisani nengxoxo (kodwa hhayi amagama angamahlazo). Kusukela ekubukeni kwesici sezingxenye zenkulumo, i-lexicon yokuxoxa, njenge-neutral, ihlukile.

Ihlanganisa:

• Amagama: "wit", "umfana omkhulu", "unonsense";
• Izimpendulo: "okuxekethile", "okungenandaba";
• Izandiso: "ngendlela efanele", "ngokungahleliwe";
• Ukungenelela: "oh", "bai", "amanga."

I-silulumagama engcolile, naphezu kobumnyama bayo, ayihambanga ngaphezu kwemingcele yolimi lwesiRashiya obhaliwe.

Isimagama sikhulu kakhulu ngesitayela kunsuku zonke, ngakho-ke sibekwe ngaphandle kwenkulumo yomlobi waseRussia ehleliwe. Ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu:

1. Ulimi olulinganiselayo lubuciko lwesibonakaliso (i-"ragged", "paunchy"), izenzo ("snooze", "rasschuhat"), izibizo ("dilda", "obormot"), izandiso ("lousy", "ubuwula"). Lawa mazwi azwakala kaningi ezingxoxweni zabantu abangafundile, benquma izinga labo lamasiko. Ngezinye izikhathi zitholakala ezingxoxweni zabantu abahlakaniphile. Ukuvelela kwamagama lawa magama, ikhono labo le-semantic nelomzwelo livumela ngezinye izikhathi ukuthi libonise ngokucacile futhi libonise kafushane isimo sengqondo (ngokuvamile kaningi) kunoma iyiphi into, into noma umuntu.
2. Isilulumagama esasimdala esivela esidlangalaleni sichasene nezinga eliphakeme elibi kakhulu elibhekene ne-swagger. Lokhu, isibonelo, amagama anjalo: "haylo", "harya", "murlo", "turnip", "grunt", "rylnik". Lawa mazwi ahlakaniphile, akwazi ukuhambisa isimo sengqondo esincane somuntu oxoxwa ngayo kunoma yiziphi iziqephu. Ngenxa yokuhlukumezeka ngokweqile, isilulumagama esinjalo asivumeleki ezingxoxweni zabantu bamasiko.
3. Eqinisweni, ulimi oluvamile. Kubandakanya inombolo encane yamazwi engekho imibhalo ngoba ayinamahloni (ayinamahloni embalabala ocacile nentsingiselo) noma ayimvelo enobudlova (ayinayo i-semantics ehlukumezayo), kodwa ngenxa yokuthi abacebisi ukuba basebenzise abantu abafundele ezingxoxweni. Lawa angamazwi anjengokuthi "ngaphambi kwesikhathi", "manje nje", "ugogo wami", "ngicabanga", "otrodya." Loluhlobo lwesilulumagama lubizwa nangokuthi abantu abavamile futhi luhlukile olimini olulodwa kuphela ngoba lusetshenziswe kokubili emzini nasemzaneni.

Ama-synonyms

Amagama afanayo olwazimagama nolwazi lokubhala ngokuvamile kaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa ahluke ngokulingana nokuveza okucacile:

• Inhloko - kalgan, ikhanda;
• Ubuso - obrazin, ubuso;
• Izingibe ziyizimbiza.

Ngokuvamile ezingxoxweni azikhona nje kuphela izilinganiso ezifanayo, kodwa nezinkulumo zamagama ezincwadi, kuhlanganise nezakhi zolimi:

• Kuye-kuye;
• Njalo - njalo;
• Wadla - ungumphili;
• Yizo zabo;
• Ukusuka lapho-ngaphandle, ottedova;
• Ukuhle - kuze kube usuku.

Ubuciko M. Zoshchenko

Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izindlela zokuveza kahle ukukhuluma inkulumo yezwi. Ngempela, ezandleni zomlobi oyinhloko, amagama angabhalwanga angakwazi ukukhonza nje kuphela njengendlela yokuchazwa kwengqondo yamaqhawe, kodwa futhi akhiqize isimo esithile esibhekwa ngesitayela. Lesi sibonelo ngumsebenzi wokudala kaMnu. Zoshchenko, owazideka ngokuhlekisa nge-psychiatric psychology kanye nendlela yokuphila, "ukufundisa" izinkulumo ezingenakuzwakalayo ezingxoxweni zamaqhawe.

Inkulumo yakhe ibukeka kanjani? Izibonelo zobuchwepheshe M. Zoshchenko umxhwele. Lo mbhali onethalente wabhala lokhu okulandelayo:

"Ngithi:

"Akusona yini isikhathi sokuba sihlale emidlalo yezemidlalo?" Ubizwa, mhlawumbe.

Futhi uthi:

-Ayikho.

Futhi ikhekhe lesithathu lithatha.

Ngithi:

- Esikhathini esingenalutho - hhayi okuningi? Can vytoshnit.

Futhi yena:

Uthi, "Cha, sijwayele."

Okwesine kuthatha.

Khona-ke igazi lagijima ekhanda lami.

"Lodges," ngithi, "emuva!"

Futhi wesaba. Wavula umlomo wakhe, futhi izinyo zikhanya emlonyeni wakhe.

Futhi ngazizwa njengezinsipho ngaphansi komsila. Noma kunjalo, ngicabanga, manje ungahambi naye.

"I-Lodges," ngithi, "kumama we-fucking!" (Indaba ye-Aristocrat).

Kulo msebenzi, umphumela wamahlaya awutholakali nje ngenxa yobuningi bezinkulumo namafomu abantu abavamile, kodwa futhi ngoba lezi zitatimende zimelela ngokumelene nesitembu sezitifiketi "ezihlanjululwe": "amaqebelengwane" njalonjalo. Ngenxa yalokho, isithombe sengqondo somuntu ongafundile, osondelene naye, ezama ukubonakala ehlakaniphile, sidalwe. Uyiqhawe lokudala likaZoshchenko.

I-vocabulary ye-Dialectical

Futhi kuyini isilulumagama esivamile? Ukufunda ulimi olusemadolobheni okungelona uhlanga, abaningi babuza umbuzo wangempela ngombala wendawo, ohlangene nomthelela wezilimi: ukugcizelela imingcele elinganiselwe ngokuhambisana nedatha yedolobha elihlukile lenza kube lula ukuliqhathanisa nezinto zokwamanye amadolobha, isibonelo, iTambov, Omsk, Voronezh, Elista, Krasnoyarsk kanye Ngakho-ke.

Isimo semibandela yomngcele phakathi kwesilulumagama esivamile kanye nesichazamazwi kuvame ukuchazwa ukuhlanganiswa komlando wesigodi somuntu nge-jargon, izimbangela zezakhi zofuzo, ezingahloliswanga kahle ngezinye izikhathi njengomthombo oyisisekelo wokukhanyiselwa kwaleli gaba elihlwempu lolimi lwesizwe.

Mastery of AI Solzhenitsyn

Vumelanisa, ngezinye izikhathi ukusetshenziswa kolwazi lwesibindi kwenza umkhiqizo uhlukile ngokukhethekile. Amakhono olimi nolwazi lwe-AI Solzhenitsyn, oluphawuleka ngokuhlukile, ludonse izilimi eziningi. Futhi isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi yesimo sengqondo sokungabikho komfundi abathile kuso sifuna ukufunda ulimi nesitayela semisebenzi yalo mbhali. Isibonelo, indaba yakhe ethi "Usuku olulodwa luka-Ivan Denisovich" lubonisa ubunye obungaphakathi kanye nesisusa esinembile sokubunjwa nokufaniswa komlomo, njengoba kubonakala sengathi uL. Tolstoy, "umyalelo oyingqayizivele wamagama okuphela kuphela," okuwuphawu lobuciko beqiniso.

Ukubaluleka okubalulekile

I-vocabulary ye-Dialectic ibaluleke kakhulu ku-Solzhenitsyn. "Ngemva kokunikezela" umsebenzi womlobi kumuntu ocebile, okwenza abe yiqhawe elikhulu le ndaba yakhe, umlobi wakwazi ukudala ukuhlola okungavamile okungavamile nokucacile kokuhlola kwamazwi akhe, okwakushiya ngokucacile ukuthi wonke umuntu ubhale ukubhala ngokuphumelelayo kokubuyela esitokisini esinezinhlanzi "zamagama" ezibonakaliswa ezisuka encwadini kuya encwadini Okufana ne- "nadys", "aposlya", "milok", "look-kos" njalonjalo).

Ngokuyinhloko, le ncazelo yohlu lwamagama ayikhiqizwa ngisho nangokwamazwi ("uhaydakatsya", "naled", "halabuda", "guanyav"), kodwa ngenxa yokwakheka kwegama: "obnevolyu", "nedotyka", "ukufihlwa", " , "Ngokushesha". Le ndlela yokuhlanganisa ama-dialectisms ku-art art sphere, njengomthetho, ugxekwa ngokugxekwa, njengoba ivuselela ukuxhumana okujwayelene nomfanekiso kanye negama.

Inkulumo yabantu

Futhi isilulumagama esikhulumiwe sisetshenziswa kanjani enkulumweni? Ezingxoxweni zamasimanje zamasimanje ezijwayelekile nezilimi ezijwayelekile zamasosha azihlukaniselani kahle komunye nomunye. Futhi wenze amagama anjengokuthi "u-shitty", "ukucabangela", "okungokomoya", "ukubamba", noma ukuphikisa okunye, ngakho-ke aqondwa noma asetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezingezona ezingokoqobo, ngokuhlola ukukhuluma kwe-Ivan I-Denisovich ayinandaba. Kubalulekile ukuthi ngosizo kokubili kokuqala nolwesibili, ingxoxo yegeyimu ithola imibala edingekayo yesitayela neyomzwelo.

Sizwa ukuhleka okukhululekile, okuphilayo, okukhululekile kusuka ejwayelekile, kalula ukungena eminyakeni yamuva emasimini aphikisanayo, inkulumo yabantu eqondayo. I-Solzhenitsyn uyayazi kahle futhi enomusa ibona amashadi amasha angabalulekile.

Yini enye okukhulunywa ngayo? Izibonelo zesicelo sakho zingathathwa ngokungapheli. Kuyathakazelisa ukusebenzisa isenzo sika-Shukhov "ukuqinisekisa" kwelinye lamanani amasha "ezemidlalo nokukhiqiza" - ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwesenzo, ukuvikela: "I-Shukhov ... ngesandla esisodwa ngokuthokoza, ngokusheshisa uthathe ukukhishwa kwesikhumba, futhi waqinisekisa ngeyesibili ukusuka ngezansi, ukuze angaphumi."

Noma isicelo sokusebenza senye yezincazelo zesenzo "sokuhlanganisa", esingabonakala emazwini omuntu kuphela okwamanje: "Umuntu othile uletha ama-stencil kusukela empini, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amathengi amaningi aqoshiwe: azikho ndawo noma kuphi Ungasebenzi ... ».

Ulwazi lwezinkulumo ezithandwayo lunike uSolzhenitsyn nokuhlangenwe nakho kanzima kokuphila, futhi-ke, isithakazelo esibucayi sekosi, okwenza ukuba angacabangi nje kuphela, kepha futhi futhi ukuhlola ngokuqondile ulimi lwesiRashiya.