Isitho okuzala. Kuyini isitho okuzala simila?

isitshalo ngasinye has isakhiwo yayo elinganiselwe umzimba, okuyinto ukuwugcina ngokuphelele, okuyinto imisebenzi abasenzela. Ngakho, ishidi inikeza photosynthesis kanye impande - inhlabathi nokudla. umzimba okuzala iyona imbali, kwakheka isithelo okuyinto ngembewu. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola izici zomzimba wabo futhi indima empilweni yezitshalo.

Uyini umzimba

Authority ingabizwa kuphela iyunithi isakhi isitshalo, ezakhiwe izinhlobo eziningana kwezicubu okuyinto. Ngokwesibonelo, impande siqukethe ukuhlukahluka conductive, athutha, ezemfundo kanye enamathela. Kodwa rhizoids ulwelwe izitho komhlaba zifane kuphela ukubukeka. Empeleni, aqukethe sebuningini amangqamuzana ngamanye exhunywe anatomically kuphela. Ngakho-ke, umzimba isakhiwo esinjalo sasingenakuba kubhekwe.

Cabanga isakhiwo angiosperms ephakeme. izitho zabo komhlaba, njengoba kuye kwashiwo, kuyimpande. On surface elise yokuphunyuka. It yakhiwa izingxenye Axial - stem, futhi ohlangothini - ishidi. Ngo inqubo ukukhula imbali yokuphunyuka Kumiswa, kusukela lapho embungwini.

Izinhlobo plant izitho

izinhlaka izitshalo ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka criteria ehlukahlukene. Ngu umsebenzi ukuhlukanisa vegetative futhi okuzala. Iqembu lokuqala lihlanganisa imile izimpande futhi ihlume. Okokuqala Zithwala esiphelweni vegetative, okuyinto kungenzeka by Ukuqedwa izingxenye kusukela amaningi lonke. Kungaba kwenziwe impande amaswidi, nezilimo eziyizigaxa, cuttings, amahlamvu, ama. izitho vegetative futhi yenza nemisebenzi ezikulesi simila. It photosynthesis, inhlabathi umsoco, ukukhula, amanzi ubambe namaminerali.

isitho okuzala zalesi sihlahla kuyadingeka ukuzala. Lolu hlobo kabusha zazo siqu kuyinto inzuzo ebaluleke. Kuphela ngokuhamba ukuzala kwenzeka recombination ka nesidoda okunikelwe, ngenxa okuyinto izici ezintsha, ikakhulukazi ewusizo. Ngenxa yalokho, umzimba isitshalo uyakwazi nezimo ezintsha wempilo.

Kuyini isitho okuzala zalesi sihlahla

Ngo inqubo ukuzala ezihilelekile gametes. La mangqamuzana ezikhethekile elise izitho abizwa ngokuthi okuzala. Lesi sitshalo kuba imbali. izithelo ezimise nge imbewu uvuthwe ngokuhamba sokuthuthuka. Lokhu izitho okuzala akuzona zonke izitshalo ziyakwazi ukuzala. Ngokwesibonelo, ulwelwe unicellular ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle okwazi ukwakha gametes. Bayaphumela emanzini ukuhlanganisa pairwise. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka zygote. It ihlanganiswa ne igobolondo obukhulu, futhi kule wombuso uhlushwa ukuqanda omiswe. Lapho kwenzeka izimo waphinda evumayo, okuqukethwe zygote uhlukanisa ukukhiqiza ezinhlamvu mobile ezine.

Ngo izitshalo spore ephakeme amaseli lwegciwane abavuthiwe phakathi kwezitho ezikhethekileko ngokuthi gametangia. Ngesikhathi mossy basuke ibekwe phezu stem futhi isimo zokwakheka okweqanda. Futhi Izinhlobo besilisa gametophytes zesifazane akhiwa phezu isitshalo efanayo - prothallia. Amaqanda kanye nesidoda abavuthiwe ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, ngakho inqubo Ukuhlanganiswa kwenzeka phakathi izitshalo ezahlukene. Zonke izitshalo spore badinga amanzi ukuze sithele. Lesi sici lwentando lobu bunye ehlelekile, okuyinto "kukhona ifa" ulwelwe.

Isakhiwo imbali

isitho okuzala ka izimila eziveza imbewu, okumelelwe imbali, kuyinto isakhiwo ephelele kakhulu. Izingxenye zalo eziyinhloko kukhona pestle, okuyinto iyisonto neqanda stamen equkethe isidoda. Ngezinye confluence esizayo umbungu yabo kwakhiwa umzimba.

Imbali elibizwa mfushane futhi kungagcini ukukhula yokuphunyuka soguquko lwegciwane singalawuleka. Ngaphandle le stamens futhi pistil, liphethe peduncle kanye perianth. Ingxenye yokuqala iwukuqhutshwa stem elongate. Emvelweni, njalo short-cut futhi ezicashile imbali Isiqu. Izibonelo izitshalo ezifana kukhona ummbila, ubhekilanga, ukhova, clover. izakhiwo ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ama sessile.

Isakhiwo kuhlanganisa inkomishi perianth ehlanganisa sebuningini carpels futhi phehla. amacembe Kugcine kwakhiwa, okuyinto Ushintshe amahlamvu. Ngo izitshalo eziningi Corolla enkulu futhi egqamile. Roses, Tulips, Chrysanthemums, iminduze - Sekuyisikhathi eside zonke lezi zimbali abe umhlobiso omuhle wanoma iyiphi iholide ngoba le mfanelo. Lezi zimbali izinambuzane. izitshalo Wind-impova babe beaters ukucasha ifomu efihlekile.

Ingqikithi sokukhulelwa double

Inqubo gamete Fusion ekulandulayo impova. Le nqubo sokudlulisela impova kusuka anther yenhlamba stamens. It wenziwa ngosizo umoya, izinambuzane, amanzi noma wobuntu. Phakathi kokukhulelwa, isidoda thatha amabili okuyingxenye. Ukuwelwa usebenzisa lwegciwane tube e esibelethweni pistil, enye yazo okuhlanganisiwe iqanda, futhi enye - nge lwegciwane emaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, inqubo e eziqhakazayo wabiza kabili.

Nazi izinhlobo izithelo

Ngenxa nokuhlanganiswa gametes kwakhiwa Ushintshe izitho okuzala - isithelo. Siqukethe imbewu lizungezwe igobolondo. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-pericarp. Kungaba ezomile kanye namanzi. Izibonelo iqembu lokuqala kukhona apula, isithelo itshe, berry futhi ikhabe. Kodwa lo bhontshisi pod, capsule, achene, caryopsis namantongomane - omisiwe izithelo.

Imbewu nalokho okukushoyo yemvelo

Ngu izitho okuzala zezimbali zihlanganisa imbewu. Lesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele okokuqala ivela AmaConifers. Kulesi sigaba, sezinhlamvu zezitshalo anesikhundla evelele emhlabeni. Into wukuthi uma ziqhathaniswa imbewu, banayo izici eziningi eziphambili isakhiwo. Kuyinto ngokuyinhloko ukutholakala kwezakhi ezisele futhi imbewu amagobolondo okuyinto thembeke ukuvikela umbungu kusuka umswakama kanye lokushisa izinguquko, pericarp kuvikelwe.

Ngakho, izitho okuzala ka angiosperms iyona imbali, ngenxa okuyinto akhiwa izithelo nembewu. Letakhi unikeze inqubo ngokobulili kabusha izitshalo futhi ukuvela izici ezintsha eziphambili isakhiwo eziphilayo.