Ibhodi lemisindo lapho umuntu?

Ibhodi lemisindo - ingxenye nasemilenzeni engenhla, esakhiwa amathambo amabili futhi iphahlwe emalungeni ezimbili. Abafundi bavame ukudida indawo ehlombe ibhodi lemisindo ku komzimba womuntu. Ukuze uqonde, cabanga lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti elingenhla esitho ingxenye ezibangelwa ibhodi lemisindo.

nokwakheka

Ngokwesilinganiso, isixhumanisi esikoleni sebeqala ukufunda inkambo komzimba womuntu. Lena okuthakazelisayo nokuwusizo ngesikhathi esifanayo kusigaba olubanzi biology, esidinga eliphezulu Mastering yolwazi. Human Anatomy - isayensi ibheka Ukuklanywa komzimba, imisebenzi yayo, futhi ukuphila.

Mayelana indawo ibhodi lemisindo womuntu, ukutshela skeleton isakhiwo noma anatomy Atlas. Njengoba ngokucophelela igama, indawo, uhlobo nenjongo wethambo, kulula ukuqonda isakhiwo nasemilenzeni womuntu engenhla - izingalo.

imisipha yohlaka ukunikeza ukuhamba, okuyinto Banamathele amathambo. Uma ucabangela ibhodi lemisindo, lapho kukhona eziningi ezahlukene izinhlobo kwemisipha izicubu, ungakwazi ukuqonda indlela isandla siyahamba. imisipha Kufinyeta neqhaza ezinzwa amaza, okuyinto thatha ibekwe emizweni ibhodi lemisindo.

Ibhodi lemisindo: kuphi? womuntu skeleton isithombe

Ngakho, i-theory kancane. On umbuzo lapho ibhodi lemisindo womuntu, kuyosisiza siphendule Atlas yokwakheka noma skeleton sakhiwo. Ingalo bone - kwenye yezingxenye esitho womuntu eliphezulu, okuyinto ukudlala indima ebalulekile zomphakathi the isandla. Ukuba ngokucophelela watadisha skeleton yesithombe, kulula ukubona lapho ehlombe ingalo.

Kusukela igama ungakwazi ukuqagela ukuthi ingalo eliphezulu itholakala ngezansi ithambo ehlombe, ke ekulandulayo, futhi ndawonye yisisekelo esitho womuntu engenhla. Ukuze uzwisise anatomy esitho elingenhla, kubalulekile ukuba sihlole amathambo ezakha wakhe.

amathambo ibhodi lemisindo

Ingxenye emkhawulweni engenhla - ibhodi lemisindo, lapho amathambo amabili, has a isakhiwo kahle elula. Bakha amathambo ijabulise eside: i ulnar futhi osabalalayo, ngamunye ephethe isakhiwo yayo elinganiselwe.

Yini odinga ukuyazi mayelana isakhiwo amathambo ijabulise eside:

1. Siqukethe diaphysis, metaphysis futhi epiphysis. Diaphysis - ngokwesilinganiso ingxenye side wethambo, okuyinto has a cylindrical noma ukuma esingunxantathu. Metaphysis - igebe phakathi diaphysis futhi epiphysis. Epiphysis - a ekupheleni ewugqinsi siyadingeka ukuze uxhumane emalungeni.
2. On the epiphysis kuyinto ebusweni articular imbozwe uqwanga articular.
3. Epiphyses kuncike isikhundla wethambo kungaba proximal (engenhla) kanye distal (engezansi).
4. Kungenxa ngokusebenzisa metaphyseal bese uqwanga esisogwini ke, kukhona ukukhula amathambo eside ubude.
5. Epiphysis ithambo cancellous futhi diaphysis - ezihlangene.

NgoLwesine kutholakale isidumbu sendoda engaba futhi ulna has simise elingunxantathu, okusho ukuthi evele ezintathu. Ngaphambili okuyingxenye wethambo ebhekene phambili, emuva - emuva. esithathu nabanikezeli sendawo engaba futhi ulna kuyahlukahluka.

Isakhiwo ulna

Sithole ukuthi ibhodi lemisindo - lena lapho kukhona amathambo amabili eside exhunywe kwi zombili amalunga omzimba. Umuntu wesithathu ubizwa ngokuthi medial ulna futhi waphenduka ukukhungatheka kwangaphakathi, kanye usiko.

I ulna itholakala engxenyeni engaphandle ye-ingalo, othiwa isikhundla medial. Ngokwesibonelo, uma sicabanga esitho kusukela izinhlangothi kwesokunxele bese kwesokudla, ibhodi lemisindo kwesokunxele iqukethe ulna ngakwesokunxele kanye ilungelo - ngakwesokudla. Ngamanye amazwi, lo ulna ku ibhodi lemisindo ingxenye ye umunwe kancane.

I epiphysis engenhla ukujiya ulna we epiphysis proximal we engaba futhi wajoyina naye usebenzisa trochlear notch, okuyinto engavimba ezihlobene ezimbili: coronal futhi ulna. Ohlangothini kwangaphakathi yenqubo coronoid kuyinto cut osabalalayo, senzelwe ikhanda osabalalayo. Egcekeni lihambisana articular uqwanga ebusweni kanye namafomu i indololwane ukuhlinzeka flexion kanye nokunwetshwa ibhodi lemisindo.

I epiphysis ephansi, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izacile epiphysis distal we engaba ixhuma usebenzisa selilonke ngokuhlanganyela, bese uya ku-joint esihlakaleni.

Isakhiwo ithambo osabalalayo

Uma ulna medially kahle, ugongolo kungekho umhlabathi ophakathi: kuba ohlangothini engaphakathi ingalo, okungukuthi, distally elise ... Ngokwesibonelo, ibhodi lemisindo ngakwesokunxele (lapho ulna iseningizimu ngakwesokunxele) iqukethe ilungelo ithambo osabalalayo. Ngamanye amazwi, lo engaba elise ohlangothini isithupha.

Uhlangothi wesithathu engaba ibizwa ngokuthi i-lateral, sasiwumsebenzi. epiphysis Upper siqukethe ekhanda eziyize encane phakathi nendawo, senzelwe uxhumano lwe-condyle we humerus. I distal ulnar epiphysis yakhiwa ukusika kusukela ngaphandle uxhumano ukuba inhloko yabangamashumi ulna.

Xhuma ibhodi lemisindo

I indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa indlela uxhumano yabo nomunye anatomy amathambo eside ibhodi lemisindo. Amalunga uvumele ukunyakaza engaba emhlabeni ulna. Bone Ungahambisa ohlangothini ubheke ecaleni kwangaphakathi noma yangaphandle, esihlakaleni futhi joint indololwane ngaso sonke isikhathi senze ndawonye.

Lapho enza engaba ukunyakaza uchaza i arc lamadigri 140 ulna. Nokho, unikezwa siqala ukunyakaza okuncane, lengalo ibhulashi, a isamba 220 ku-360 motion. The kungenzeka Ukujikeleza enjalo ikuvumela ukuba wenze umuntu ezihlukahlukene ukunyakazisa izitho zomzimba engenhla.

Indawo ebalulekile ngokuhlangana ibhodi lemisindo kuthatha ulwelwesi interosseous sakhiwa collagen ethandele. Itholakala phakathi crests of engaba futhi ulna amathambo futhi ibagcine ngendlela akukhawuleli ukunyakaza.

Ehlombe futhi ibhodi lemisindo

Ezikulowo abantu ehlombe indawo ukuqaphela wayephambanisa ekuqaleni, ukutadisha komzimba womuntu. Iqiniso lokuthi yonke ejwayele ukucabanga ehlombe, kwezokwelapha ngokuthi ibhande lamahlombe noma ibhande. Khona-ke lapho ehlombe ingalo elingenhla lapho? Ehlombe - elingenhla esitho isabelo ehlombe joint indololwane, lapho humerus ixhunywe amathambo ibhodi lemisindo.

Irediyasi ehlombe ixhunywe ingxenye lateral we ebusweni articular kokuba simise eyindilinga. Lona inhloko yalawa condyle we humerus. Nge ulna ehlombe lebhokisi medial ingxenye ukwakha iyunithi humerus. Coronal futhi olecranon afakiwe block ngaphambili futhi bakhulise ngokulandelana. Ngenhla fovea iyunithi wahlela ukuthi lapho wenza flexion indololwane noma isandiso kuhlanganisa izinto ezihlobene.

ibhodi lemisindo

Lapho ibhodi lemisindo yomuntu, siye kakade asebenzelana ngayo. Ake sicabangele lokho imisipha abathintekayo ingxenye esitho elingenhla. Kuye ukunyakaza eyenziwe imisipha ibhodi lemisindo zingahlukaniswa zibe:

• pronator - ivumela ukunyakaza engaba ohlangothini engaphakathi;
• insoles - ukuvumela engaba hambisa ngaphandle;
• flexors futhi extensors ibhulashi;
• flexors futhi extensors neminwe.

amaqembu kwemisipha Ukhulume ehlangana ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko kuye ngendawo yabo: front futhi bakhulise.

Ngaphambili imisipha ibhodi lemisindo

imisipha anterior ukuthi ukuhambisa ibhodi lemisindo - lena lapho engaba idwetshwa ngaphakathi. Iqembu sihlanganisa flexor. Isendlalelo ebusweni kwemisipha izicubu imisipha anterior liqala ngala epicondyle medial ehlombe. Deep imisipha izingqimba uqale ibhodi lemisindo amathambo ulwelwesi therebetween. Pronator enamathiselwe engaba.

Imisipha izicubu eduze humerus ngaphezulu liphinyiselwe eduze isihlakala kanye nokusungulwa umelwe ikakhulukazi yi imisipha.

Isendlalelo kobuso imisipha phambi yilezi:

1. Pronator round - ehilelekile flexion we ibhodi lemisindo, futhi kuthuthukisa ukujikeleza yayo ngaphakathi (entendeni walenqaba).
2. Brachioradialis kwemisipha - uhlanganyela supination futhi pronation we ibhodi lemisindo e flexion. It evela fihla emahlobe bese ilungiswe engaba distal.
3. Flexor carpi radialis kwemisipha - ohilelekile eguqa ibhulashi futhi kancane uzungeza ke ngaphakathi.
4. Palmar Longus - egoba le esihlakaleni.
5. Flexor carpi ulnaris - ehilelekile ekukhuliseni shayela motion kanye nokuvumelana ke.
6. flexor olukha phezulu imino - ehilelekile flexion phalanges phakathi.

Isendlalelo ezijulile imisipha phambi ethulwa flexor hallucis Longus, flexor digitorum profundus muscle pronator quadratus kwemisipha. Ibhodi lemisindo, lapho kukhona imisipha eminingi abathintekayo kulengqungquthela elingenhla emkhawulweni dexterity kanye ebangela izenzo ezihlukahlukene uzibophezele.

imisipha ngemuva ibhodi lemisindo

Iqembu ezingemuva imisipha ibhodi lemisindo ukwenza insoles futhi extensors. Isendlalelo ebusweni kwemisipha izicubu kuhlanganisa izicubu:

1. Osabalalayo extensor eside ibhulashi - ehilelekile flexion we ibhodi lemisindo endololwaneni futhi esihlakaleni isandiso.
2. extensor iDemo ibhulashi osabalalayo - ehilelekile esihlakaleni isandiso ukuthunjwa.
3. Extensor digitorum.
4. Extensor ngomunwe kancane.
5. Ulnar extensor ibhulashi - ohilelekile ukuthunjwa esihlakaleni ngase endololwaneni nokwelulwa yayo.

ungqimba Deep imisipha ibhodi lemisindo posterior emelelwa instep, imisipha eside (abathintekayo in ukuthwala isithupha), lamafisha extensor isithupha kanye index extensor.

Izinzwa we ibhodi lemisindo

Ibhodi lemisindo, lapho kukhona imisipha eminingi futhi siyindawo ukudlula imizwa. Cabangela imizwa main kule ndawo, kanye nemisebenzi yabo:

• Musculocutaneous - emagatsheni awo zitholakala endololwaneni, ngezansi kokuba yehlele ngesimo lateral emsipheni cutaneous. Innervate isikhumba ibhodi lemisindo.
• Imidiyeni - amagatsha asezindaweni endololwaneni phambi imisipha ibhodi lemisindo. Innervate enhlanganisweni yebhantshi lensimbi, isandla, imisipha isithupha.
• Ulna - elise eduze Umthambo ulnar uyabanikeza ulnaris flexor carpi. Ngezansi sehlukaniswe amagatsha ukuthi innervate entendeni nalamacembu kwangaphakathi futhi yangaphandle.
• cutaneous Medial - unikeza isikhumba ibhodi lemisindo, ke evela intambo medial.
• Kushisa bhé kule ndawo - legatsha ngokujulile lokhu ezinzwa innervates imisipha extensor we ibhodi lemisindo.

Ngokuvamile abantu baphuka izinqulu we ibhodi lemisindo

Amathambo ibhodi lemisindo kukhona ngempela nomzimba omncane, ukuze nje aphule ngisho ne ukulimala ezincane.

Ngokuvamile abantu baphuka izinqulu we ibhodi lemisindo zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo eziningana:

1. Ukwa olecranon - kwenzeka ngenxa yokuwa, esahlanganisa ku endololwaneni, noma ngenxa ukuncipha ecijile triceps. Libhekene ichichima Tint bluish, ubuhlungu obuhlabayo ngesikhatsi ukunyakaza, ukusonteka izandla elengayo.
2. Ukulimala inqubo coronoid - kuphakama ngenxa yokuwa kwi indololwane insaliwe. Izikhalazo mayelana ukuvuvukala, ukunqunywa ezinyakazayo futhi ubuhlungu.
3. Ukwa wengxenye proximal wethambo - siyimbangela ukuwa endololwaneni flexed.
4. Ukwaphuka we ulnar noma ithambo osabalalayo - zenzeka ngenxa kunomthelela oqonde ngqo. Izimpawu main zokuzikhukhumeza, ubuhlungu oyingozi futhi ukuhamba elinganiselwe.
5. Ukwa kokubili amathambo ibhodi lemisindo - libhekene displacement amathambo ephukile Kuhlangana kwabo.

Lapho waphuka kubaluleke kakhulu ukunikeza usizo lokuqala ukuba isisulu. Uma ukwa ivuliwe, akufanele sizame qondanisa ngokwakho. Kuyadingeka ukuba ukhumbule ukuthi ngempela yisimo ezimbili emalungeni: esihlakaleni futhi endololwaneni. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ungakwazi imbande, ingawuthinti phesheya uhlangothi, kusukela lapho ithambo silandela imithetho out.

Ibhodi lemisindo - i ingxenye ebalulekile emkhawulweni engenhla, esinikela ukuhamba eliphezulu ngesandla ezihlukahlukene izenzo ezenziwe.