Ukwakheka nezakhiwo ecosystem. ecosystem

Zonke ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo eplanethini yethu atehlukaniseki. Akukho silwane, owayenganikela sodvwa kuzo zonke ngokuqinile ngamunye. Nokho, hhayi kuphela eziphilayo kuhlobene eduze, kodwa futhi izici imvelo bangaphandle zangaphakathi ezithinta lonke biome. Kanye yonke imvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi organic wezinto kukhona isimiso semvelo isakhiwo kanye nezici zabo. Hlobo luni umqondo, lokho Amapharamitha libhekene, zama ukuqonda sihloko.

Umqondo kweMvelo

Kuyini eziphilayo? Kusukela iphuzu kwemvelo umbono, kuba inani yokuziphilisa ahlangene zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kungakhathaliseki ekilasini futhi yizici zemvelo, kokubili biotic futhi abiotic.

Ecosystem izakhiwo zichazwe ngezici zabo. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala igama elithi wabonakala ngo-1935. A. Arthur Tansley aphakanyisiwe usebenzisa ukubhekisela kuwo wonke "isakhiwo ehlanganisa hhayi kuphela yomzimba, kodwa futhi indawo yabo." Ngokwaso umqondo ngempela ebanzi, kuba iyunithi ngobukhulu imvelo, kanye ezibalulekile. Enye igama - biogeocoenosis, nakuba umehluko phakathi imiqondo le kusadingeka kancane.

Impahla main kweMvelo basebenzisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwabo udaba eziphilayo futhi wezinto ezingaphili, amandla, ukushisa, ukwabiwa komhlaba, ukufuduka izakhi, isenzo ahlangene we izidalwa eziphilayo on nomunye. Sekukonke zikhona izici eziningana eziyisisekelo sici, esingekho kuwo abizwa ngokuthi izakhiwo.

I izakhiwo eziyisisekelo kweMvelo

Into ebaluleke kakhulu kubo zingahlukaniswa zibe ezintathu:

• ukuzithiba;
• ukuzinza;
• self-nokubeletha;
• ukushintsha omunye komunye;
• ubuqotho;
• izakhiwo iimbalo.

On umbuzo yini impahla eziyisisekelo kweMvelo ngezindlela ezahlukene zingaphendulwa. Bonke ibalulekile, it is nje phambi kwabo kuhlangene ivumela lo mqondo nhlobo. Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe ngamunye isici isici ukuba siqonde ukubaluleka kwaso futhi uqonde okushiwo.

Ukuzithiba kweMvelo

Lena isici esiyinhloko semvelo, okusho self-ukuphathwa ngaphakathi impilo biogeocoenose ngamunye. Okungukuthi, iqembu eziphilayo, okuyinto ubuhlobo obuseduze ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, futhi yizici zemvelo, kunomthelela oqonde ngqo kuso sonke isakhiwo iyonke. Kuyinto ikhono lazo ukuphila kungaba nomthelela ukuzinza kanye ecosystem self-elawula.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma sikhuluma ezizingelayo, zidla ezidla uhlaza nomhlobo owodwa ncamashi nje inombolo yabo sinciphile. Okulandelayo eyeka ukudla, futhi nomzingeli sekuqalile ukuba emthonjeni ohlukile ukukhanyiselwa amandla (okungukuthi, uhlobo izidalwa isitshalo-ukudla). Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi lezi zinhlobo alicekelekanga phansi ngokuphelele, ihlala yodwa ukubuyisela inani elidingekayo izinkomba.

Phakathi semvelo akakwazi zenzeka ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokuqothulwa ukudla abanye abantu. Lona ukuzithiba. Okungukuthi izilwane, izitshalo, isikhunta, nezilwanyana ezincane Okusizayo ukuqapha nomunye, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zingabantu ukudla.

Futhi, ukuzithiba - kuyinto eziphilayo eyinhloko impahla kubuye ngoba ngokusebenzisa kuyinqubo elawulwa zokuguqula izinhlobo ezahlukene amandla. izinto Inorganic, organic compounds, izakhi - konke etholakala nobuhlobo obuseduze futhi kunyatheliswa jikelele. Izitshalo lelikhulu lekusebentisa emandla elilanga ngqo, izilwane ezidla izimila, ukuguqulela ukuthi amandla angaguqulwa abe izibopho zamakhemikhali sebefile futhi nezilwanyana ezincane ukubola kubo kuze wezinto ezingaphili. Le nqubo eqhubekayo futhi cyclical, bangaphazanyiswa ngaphandle ebizwe ukuzithiba.

ukuzinza

Kukhona nezinye izindawo eziningi zemvelo. Ukuzithiba ihlobene eduze nokusimama. Kungakanani izothatha elilodwa noma kwenye ecosystem, kanjani it inakekelwa, nokuthi kukhona ushintsho ngakolunye, incike ngenxa yezizathu eziningana.

esimeme Ngiqinisile nguye, lapho kungekho ukuphazamiseka phezu ingxenye yomuntu. It inombolo njalo stably eliphezulu zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, akukho izinguquko zenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya zezemvelo noma bona abangelutho. Ngomqondo onabile, iyiphi ecosystem kungaba esitebeleni.

Esephula kulesi simo Umuntu angenelele futhi ukwehluleka ukuhleleka (kwamahlathi, ukubulala izilwane, abhubhise izinambuzane, njll). Futhi, kakhulu ubunjalo kungathinta ukuzinza, uma izimo zezulu ukushintsha kakhulu, singavumeli eziphilayo isikhathi ukujwayela. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlekelele zemvelo, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kuncishiswe inani amanzi nokunye.

Kukhula ukwehluka kwezinto eziphilayo, isikhathi eside khona emvelweni. ecosystem izakhiwo - ukumelana naso futhi kwenze ukuzithiba - kuyinto yini isisekelo okwakhelwa kuso sonke ugcina lo mbono. Kukhona elithi esifingqa kulezi zici - homeostasis. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana nokugcinwa ukuqinisela zonke - ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, ubungako bawo, yangaphakathi futhi iziphi izici zangaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, semvelo emathafeni kusengozini yokuthi ukuqhela kuka ese. Ngempela, ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo izakhi zofuzo eziphilayo akuyona omkhulu njengoNkulunkulu kusho. futhi izinga lokusinda is kakhulu ziyancipha.

Samovosproizvodimost

Uma ucabanga kahle umbuzo yini eziphilayo eyinhloko impahla, kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi samovosproizvodimost isimo hhayi ngaphansi ezibalulekile zikhona. Phela, ngaphandle sokudlala njalo izingxenye ezifana:

• eziphilayo;
• Ukwakheka emhlabathini;
• ukuzwakala amanzi;
• umoya-mpilo ingxenye emoyeni nokunye.

Kuyinto kunzima ukuxoxa kugcineke ukuzithiba. Ukuze okufanayo, kuya biomass njalo kabusha kanye nenombolo baqhubeka, kubalulekile ukuthi kukhona ukudla okwanele, amanzi kanye nemibandela ezanele zokuphila. Phakathi iyiphi ecosystem kukhona zishintshwa abantu amadala seziguli ezisencane ku enempilo, eziqinile futhi aqine. Lesi isimo evamile sokuba khona phi of them. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma samovosproizvodimosti ngesikhathi esifanele.

Ukubonakaliswa property semvelo yalolu hlobo - kuyisihluthulelo ukongiwa alleles kwezakhi kohlobo ngalunye. Kungenjalo, izizukulwane futhi phyla lonke, amakilasi kanye nemindeni ka izidalwa eziphilayo sezibekwe yokuqothulwa kungekho nokululama kwayo.

ngokulandelana

Futhi izakhiwo ezibalulekile kweMvelo - ekushintsheni ecosystem. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ngokulandelana. Weza ngaphansi kwethonya ekushintsheni izici zangaphandle abiotic futhi kuthatha amashumi eminyaka izigidi. Ingqikithi zalesi simo - esikhundleni ezilandelanayo eyodwa yesimiso semvelo komunye ngaphansi kwethonya izici yangaphakathi ezivukayo phakathi eziphilayo nemvelo angaphili imvelo bangaphandle isikhathi eside.

Libuye libe elikhulu isizathu successions kuba imisebenzi yomuntu. Ngakho, emahlathini akhale izimfunda nasemaxhaphozini, amachibi ku ezingwadule noma ezimfundeni, emasimini igcwele izihlahla kanye ehlathini kwakhiwa. Ngokwemvelo, nale nezilwane nazo othola izinguquko eziphawulekayo.

ngokulandelana Kuyoze kube nini? Uqinisile ukuze afinyelele eqophelweni lapho kumiswa elula kakhulu futhi bazivumelanisa ethize izimo biogeocoenosis. Ngokwesibonelo, emahlathini coniferous zaseMpumalanga Ekude (ehlathini) - lokhu a ezimisiwe impande biocenosis ukuthi ngaphezulu ngeke kushintshe kakhulu. Yasungulwa ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka, futhi phakathi naleso sikhathi akukho ushintsho ku-ecosystem.

omhlobo izakhiwo

Lezi izindawo ecosystem abasanda abasafufusa, ezintsha futhi akukhona kodwa okuye kwaba izici isici evelayo zemvelo. Kuphakama ngenxa ukusebenza okudidiyelwe zonke noma amanye amalungu uhlelo ezivamile.

Isibonelo esivamile umphakathi coral zamakhorali, okuyinto umphumela ukusebenzisana phakathi coelenterates kanye ulwelwe. Kwamakhorali - angumtfombo izindodla biomass, izakhi, compounds ephambi kwabo kulo mphakathi wayengekho.

ecosystem

Izakhiwo nemisebenzi isimiso semvelo sikwazi ubuhlobo obuseduze nomunye. Ngokwesibonelo, impahla ezifana ubuqotho, lisikisela ukuxhumana njalo phakathi bonke abahlanganyeli. Kubandakanya ne izici bemvelo ezingaphili. A ingenye imisebenzi nje ushintsho avumelanayo izinhlobo ezahlukene amandla angaguqulwa abe nomunye, okuyinto kungenzeka uma ukuzungeza yangaphakathi phakathi zonke izakhi isebenze labantu biocenoses ngokwabo kanye nomunye.

Ngokuvamile, indima kweMvelo kunqunywa izinhlobo ekuxhumaneni ezikhona ngaphakathi kubo. Noma yimuphi biogeocoenosis kumele anikeze begazi biomass ukukhula ezithile ngenxa khona kwabo. Lokhu kuyoba omunye wemisebenzi. Ukukhula incike inhlanganisela yezici vusa eziphilayo nezingaphili, futhi ingahluka ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ububanzi. Ngakho, i-biomass mkhulu ezindaweni kakhulu umswakama high kanye izibani okuhle. Ngakho-ke, ukuze bathole inzuzo sayo kuyoba olukhudlwana kwafaniswa, isibonelo, ogwadule.

Omunye umsebenzi we-ecosystem - yoshintsho. Kucondza ushintsho ohlangothini e amandla, uguqule zibe amafomu ahlukahlukene ngenxa yesenzo eziphilayo.

isakhiwo

Ukwakheka nezakhiwo imvelo isakhiwo sabo kunqunywa. Kuyini isakhiwo biogeocoenosis? Kusobala ukuthi sifaka zonke izixhumanisi main (kokubili kwabaphilayo abiotic). Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi isakhiwo sonke kuyinto umjikelezo avaliwe, okuyinto futhi kuqinisekisa izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ecosystem.

Kukhona main isixhumanisi ezimbili ezinkulu noma iyiphi biogeocoenose.

1. Ecotop - iqoqo izici abiotic. Yena, imelelwa:

• klimatopom (umoya, umswakama, ukukhanya);
• edafotop (inhlabathi compactor ingxenye).

2. Biocoenosis - ukuqoqwa zonke izinhlobo zezidalwa eziphilayo ku-ecosystem. Kuhlanganisa izixhumanisi ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• zoocenoses - zonke izilwane kokuba;
• phytocoenosis - zonke eziphilayo isitshalo;
• microbiocenosis - abamele virus.

Ngokusho isakhiwo ngenhla kusobala ukuthi zonke izixhumanisi eduze oxhumene futhi yakha inethiwekhi olulodwa. Lobu buhlobo kuzibonakalisa ngokuyinhloko ukumuncwa futhi ukuguqulwa wamandla. Ngamanye amazwi, ngamaketanga ukudla namanethiwekhi naphakathi kwemiphakathi.

Sakhiwo efanayo kwahlongozwa biogeocoenose V N. Sukachevym ngo-1940 futhi esasebenza nanamuhla.

ecosystem avuthiwe

Ubudala biogeocenosis ezingafani iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Ngokwemvelo, izici isici ecosystem abasha abavuthiwe kufanele ihluke. Futhi ngakho-ke kwenzeka.

Yini ovuthiwe-ecosystem sici iyahlule esanda kutholakala eyakheke? Lezi ezimbalwa, ukubheka zonke:

1. Izinhlobo labantu ngalinye kwakhiwa, izinze futhi kungukuthi indawo (dengwane) abanye.
2. Izinhlobonhlobo zilwane njalo futhi akukho izinguquko eside.
3. Zonke umphakathi ngokukhululekile self umqondo, kukhona izinga eliphakeme homeostasis.
4. umzimba ngamunye ngokuphelele bazivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo, nokuhlalisana ecotope biocenosis kanye ukhululekile kakhulu.

ecosystem ngasinye uzohanjiswa ngokulandelana nje it is hhayi kusungulwa emvuthwandaba - ukuyedlula unomphela neyamukelekayo zinhlobo ukwehluka. Labe biogeocoenosis kancane kancane siguqulelwa umphakathi ovuthiwe.

amaqembu eziphilayo ngaphakathi biogeocoenose

Yiqiniso, ukuthi zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ngaphakathi isimo semvelo abangabodwa ahlanganiswa ndawonye. Nokho, nabo zinomthelela omkhulu, enhlabathini Ukwakheka, emoyeni, emanzini - zonke izingxenye abiotic.

It isinqumo ukwaba kutholakala amaqembu ambalwa eziphilayo ngu ikhono lokunciphisa futhi uguqule amandla ngaphakathi biogeocoenose ngamunye.

1. Abakhiqizi - labo abazikhiqizayo izinto eziphilayo ukusuka izingxenye wezinto ezingaphili. Lokhu ezitshalweni eziluhlaza ezinye amagciwane. Imodi yabo zokuncishiswa kwamandla - Autotrophic, bona ngqo bachayeke emisebeni yelanga welanga.
2. Consuments noma biofagi - labo kudle izinto eziphilayo ngomumo ngokudla izinto eziphilayo. Lokhu ezilwane ezidla ezinye, izinambuzane, ezinye izitshalo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ezidla uhlaza nabameleli.
3. Saprotrophs - eziphilayo uyakwazi ukubola udaba eziphilayo, ngale ndlela oqothulayo izakhamzimba. Okungukuthi, sidla izinsalela efile zezitshalo nezilwane.

Ngokusobala, wonke amalungu uhlelo esimweni ancikene. Ngaphandle izitshalo ngeke bakwazi ukuthola ezidla uhlaza ukudla kanye nezinto ezidla lezi Uzofa kuwo. Saprophagous kwakwakhe ezingacubunguliwe ayabuya inani compounds olufanele wezinto ezingaphili. Zonke lezi ubudlelwano abizwa ngokuthi amaketanga ukudla. Emiphakathini emikhulu, iketango ezihambelayo inethiwekhi, kwakheka iphiramidi. Ucwaningo eziphathelene ekuxhumaneni trophic, iphatha isayensi ngemvelo.

Indima indoda e umthelela ekuphileni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinto eziphilayo

Lokhu kwaba eningi inkulumo namuhla. Ekugcineni, le ndoda yaqaphela ngokwezinga eligcwele umonakalo, okuyinto ngaphezu kwezinsuku zokugcina 200 eminyakeni okubhekana kubo eziphilayo. Kwaba nemiphumela sobala ukuziphatha okunjalo: nemvula ene-asidi, kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ukuncishiswa angenasawoti zosizo, inhlabathi oskudnenie, ukunciphisa kwamahlathi nokunye. Ungakwazi bangaphezi akubiza inkinga, ngoba ezinqwabelene iqoqo elikhulu.

Konke lokhu kuyinto kakhulu indima eyadlalwa kanye nemidlalo basekhona abantu ku-ecosystem. ukufuduka kwabantu beya emadolobheni ezinkulu, kwezimboni, nakwezobuchwepheshe, ukuthuthukiswa isikhala nezinye izinto ezenziwa abantu hhayi kuphela kuholele izinkinga zokwenza isimo imvelo ezingaphili, kodwa futhi ukunciphisa inani nokuqothulwa biomass kule planethi.

Noma yimuphi ecosystem kumele ivikelwe indoda, ikakhulukazi namuhla. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi ngamunye wethu - ukunikeza ke ukwesekwa. Awudingi okuningi - ezingeni kahulumeni achazwayo izindlela yokuvikela imvelo, abantu abavamile kufanele kuphela bathobele imithetho bese uzama ukugcina semvelo beqinile, ngaphandle kokufaka ku Ukwakheka kwabo esiningi ngokweqile izinto ezihlukahlukene kanye izinto.