Ukwakheka, ukubunjwa, izimiso yenhlangano nezakhiwo semvelo

Ecosystem - a yezinto eziphilayo noma yomthetho, esakhiwa sebuningini izinto eziphilayo, endaweni yazo, futhi izixhumanisi ukuthi afeze exchange of energy phakathi kwazo. Okwamanje, leli gama yilona Umqondo oyisisekelo ngemvelo.

isakhiwo

ecosystem izakhiwo wafunda muva. Ososayensi baye baphawula izingxenye zakhe ezimbili eziyinhloko - biotic futhi abiotic. Eyokuqala ihlukaniswe heterotrophic (eziphilayo ehlanganisa eziningi ezithola amandla kusuka namachibi organic izinto - consuments futhi decomposers) kanye Autotrophic (eziphilayo etholwe amandla esiyinhloko okuthiwa i-photosynthesis futhi chemosynthesis, okusho abakhiqizi ..).

I single iwumthombo obalulekile wamandla kunesidingo sokuba khona yonke ecosystem abakhiqizi ukuthi ukuncela amandla amaningi avela elangeni, ukushisa, futhi amakhemikhali kunenze nisondelane. Ngakho-ke autotrophs yizona ezimelela wokuqala ezingeni trophic salo lonke ecosystem. Amazinga yesibili, yesithathu neyesine akhiwa ngenxa consuments. decomposers Kuvaliwe uyakwazi ukuhumusha ku ezingaphili izinto eziphilayo izingxenye abiotic.

Izakhiwo kafushane ecosystem mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo ungafunda kulesi sihloko ehloselwe ukukhula okungokwemvelo kanye nokuvuselela.

Izingxenye ezisemqoka semvelo

Ukwakheka nezakhiwo semvelo - imiqondo eyinhloko ukuzazisa, okuyinto waziphatha ngemvelo. It isinqumo ukwaba izinkomba ezifana:

- Izimo zezulu, kuma lokushisa kanye nomswakama nokuthi kuwe kutholakele ukukhanyiselwa imodi;

- binders organic izingxenye abiotic futhi biotic e nokusakazwa izinto;

- enkompolo wezinto kufakwe umjikelezo amandla;

- abakhiqizi - kukhona eziphilayo ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo eyinhloko;

- fagotrofy - heterotrophs adla nezinye izinto eziphilayo noma izinhlayiya eziphilayo izinto ezinkulu;

- saprotrophs - heterotrophs ongabhubhisa izinto ezifile, mineralize ke bese ubuyela kwegazi.

Isiqalo nesigcino ezintathu zokugcina izingxenye ukhiqiza biomass semvelo.

Ecosystem izakhiwo kanye nezimiso lenhlangano okuyinto study e ngesimiso semvelo, usebenza ngokusebenzisa amabhlogo eziphilayo:

1. Saprophagous - ekhasini izinto ezifile.
2. Biofagi - udle yezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Ukusimama kanye nezitshalo ezihlukene ezikuzo kweMvelo

ecosystem izakhiwo ezihlobene ne ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuwo. Eziphilayo olunzulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi eziwukudla, aba maningi ukuzinza semvelo.

Imvelo Ehlukahlukene kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba kwenza ukwakha inqwaba imiphakathi, okuyinto zingafani ukuma, isakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi, futhi inikeza engenzeka ngempela kumiswa yabo. Ngakho-ke, ayanda izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, imiphakathi ngaphezulu ongahlala, kanye enkulu lemali ukusabela biogeochemical kungaba kwenziwe, ngenkathi iqinisekisa ukuthi ukhona uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Iqiniso noma izahlulelo mayelana izakhiwo semvelo? Ngenxa yalesi umqondo libhekene ubuqotho, ukuzinza, ukuzithiba samovosproizvodimost. Ziningi ucwaningo ososayensi nimphendule ngoyebo kulo mbuzo.

umkhiqizo kweMvelo

Phakathi nesifundo lokukhiqiza ziye phambili imiqondo ezifana biomass kanye isivuno emi. Igama elithi yesibili inquma nenqwaba zonke izinto eziphilayo e iyunithi amanzi noma indawo. Kodwa biomass - futhi imizimba isisindo idatha, kodwa ngokuya amandla noma ezomile udaba eziphilayo.

Biomass kuhlanganisa wonke umzimba (kuhlanganise izicubu necrotic e izilwane nezitshalo.) Biomass iba nekromassoy kuphela uma efa umzimba wonke.

Primary ukukhiqizwa umphakathi - Ukwakheka kwezitho nabakhiqizi biomass energy, ngaphandle kokukhetha, okungase esichithwa kwezimila per unit endaweni per unit isikhathi.

Ukwabela ukukhiqizwa sina net eyinhloko. Umehluko emkhatsini wabo izindleko ukuphefumula.

I ukukhiqiza net omphakathi - kuyinto ngesilinganiso ekuqongeleleni udaba eziphilayo, okungadingi kudle heterotrophs, futhi ngenxa yalokho, futhi decomposers. Yokutholwa ukubala isikhathi esingangonyaka noma yokukhula.

umkhiqizo yesibili omphakathi - izinga lokonga amandla ngabathengi. I-ecosystem enkulu abathengi, lemiqulu emikhulu yamandla kabusha.

Ukuzithiba

ecosystem izakhiwo zihlanganisa ukuzithiba kanye nokusebenza lapho kulawulwa ezihlukahlukene abantu kanye nobudlelwane ukudla phakathi kwazo. Lapho eliningi ukuncipha abathengi primary, le izilwane ezidla ezinye idluliselwe nezinye izinhlobo elalikade kuye kwadingeka ngenxa yokubaluleka kwawo yesibili.

ngamaketanga eside zingase zicishe zifane, ukudala kungenzeka ezihlukahlukene ubudlelwane ukudla, kuye ngokuthi isibalo izisulu noma isivuno izitshalo. Ngo izikhathi ezingcono kungenzeka ukuthi izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zingancishiswa - ngaleyo ndlela ubudlelwane kwesejwayelekile e biogenotsenoze.

Ukungenela komuntu engenangqondo ku-ecosystem kungaba nemiphumela engemihle. Kungeniswe-Australia ngazimbili nambili onogwaja iminyaka engamashumi amane zandile a emakhulwini ambalwa kuza izigidi zabantu ngabanye. Lokhu kwakubangelwa anenombolo enganele ezidla ukuthi zidla kubo. Ngenxa yalokho, izilwane ubuka ababhubhisa zonke izimila ezwekazini.

uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

Biosphere - eziphilayo besigaba eliphakeme, ekuhlanganiseni zibe munye-ecosystem wonke futhi inikeza ithuba lokuphila kule mbulunga enguMhlaba.

Izakhiwo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli njengoba isimo semvelo ngemvelo global etadisha isayensi. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ukwakha kanjani ezithintana izimpilo zabo bonke eziphilayo iyonke.

Ukwakheka uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezifana:

- I hydrosphere - igobolondo amanzi Zomhlaba. Kuyinto zeselula uthola yonke indawo. Amanzi - ekhuthaza ahlukile ingenye izisekelo Ukuphila kwanoma imuphi umzimba.

- Atmosphere - elula emoyeni igobolondo Zomhlaba, asemngceleni emkhathini. Ngenxa wakhe, kukhona exchange of energy ne ngaphandle;

- lithosphere - kanzima igobolondo emhlabeni elinabantu amatshe magmatic futhi sedimentary.

- pedosphere - topsheet lithosphere, ehlanganisa inhlabathi nomhlabathi kumiswa inqubo. Ufana imingcele nazo zonke ezinengilazi langaphambilini, futhi ivale zonke yamandla nezinto ezisebenza imijikelezo ku uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli.

I uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli akuyona irherho le-closed, njengoba cishe ngokuphelele olunikezwa amandla elanga.

isimiso semvelo yokufakelwa

isimiso semvelo Artificial - kuba uhlelo wadala njengendlela zibangelwa yizenzo zabantu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa agrocnosises futhi uhlelo lwemvelo nezomnotho.

Ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo eziyisisekelo semvelo adalwe indoda, azihlukile kakhulu kusukela manje. It Ubuye abakhiqizi, abathengi kanye decomposers. Kodwa kunomehluko kule ukuhanjiswa izinto namandla notshwala.

isimiso semvelo Artificial zehluke imingcele zemvelo ezilandelayo:

1. Inani elincane nakakhulu zezinto eziphilayo kanye predominance ecacile okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kubo.
2. Ukumelana obuncani, kanye nokulutheka phezulu zonke izinhlobo zamandla (kuhlanganise kumuntu).
3. Dlala eziwukudla ngenxa ezihlukahlukene encane kwezinhlobo.
4. Vula-ngebhayisikili materials ngenxa ukuhoxiswa imikhiqizo zomphakathi noma sokuvuna indoda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, zemvelo, kunalokho, zihlanganisa emjikelezweni ngangokunokwenzeka ngakho.

I izakhiwo semvelo ezidalwe imvelo yakhiwe, izakhiwo zemvelo bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi. Uma ungenalo silondoloze notshwala amandla ke emva kwesikhathi esithize ukubuyisela izinqubo zemvelo.

ihlathi ecosystem

Ukwakheka nezakhiwo ihlathi simiso semvelo abahluke ngaso kwezinye ecosystem. Esimweni esinjalo, uwe ezithola imvula eningi ezingaphezu kuka enkundleni, kodwa iningi labo lalingazi ukufinyelela komhlaba futhi Ngokubona iqabunga iyasha ngqo.

Izitshalo ezingama Deciduous ihlathi ecosystem kukhona abangamakhulu amaningana zezitshalo izinkulungwane zezilwane.

Izitshalo ezimila emahlathini, kukhona izimbangi zangempela futhi ekulweni elangeni. The ephansi uqimba, kwezinhlobo umthunzi-ukubekezela kakhudlwana baye bakha khona.

abathengi Primary kukhona onogwaja, amagundane izinyoni ezidla uhlaza ezinkulu. Wonke umsoco eziqukethwe amaqabunga izitshalo ehlobo, ekwindla iye amagatsha futhi izimpande.

Kukhona abathengi eziyinhloko amacimbi futhi mabhungane. ezingeni ngayinye imelelwa ukudla izinhlobo eziningi. Kubaluleke kakhulu iyona indima yezinambuzane herbivorous. Ziyakwazi bempova futhi ngikhonze njengomshumayeli wesikhathi umthombo ukudla ezingeni elilandelayo eziwukudla.

I-ecosystem angenasawoti kwesigubhu

I izimo ezikahle kakhulu ukuphila eziphilayo wadala ogwini lolwandle kwesigubhu. Kulapha ukuthi amanzi siya sifudumala engcono iqukethe oksijini kakhulu. Kulapha aqukethe inqwaba izitshalo, izinambuzane nezilwane ezincane.

ukudla ubudlelwane ohlelweni ngamanzi agobhozayo sinzima kakhulu. izitshalo Ephakeme zisebenzisa izinhlanzi herbivorous, izimbaza izibungu izinambuzane. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, iwumthombo ukudla kwezilwanyana ezinamagobolondo, kwezinhlanzi nezilwane eziphila ezweni. Ezidla izinhlanzi sidla zilwane ezincane. Kukhona ukudla ngokwabo nezilwane ezincelisayo.

Kodwa izinsalela udaba eziphilayo awela phansi echibini. Batfutfukisa amagciwane, okuyinto uqede shellfish elula futhi zokuhlunga.