Indwangu conductive: izici kwesakhiwo

Cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi akhiwa izinhlobo ezahlukene izicubu. Kuyinto iqoqo amaseli, ezifanayo isakhiwo imisebenzi evamile. Ukuze izitshalo nezilwane, zona azifani.

A ezihlukahlukene izicubu eziphilayo

Kwasekuqaleni bonke izindwangu zingahlukaniswa zibe isilwane nemifino. Zihluke. Ake sibheke kubo.

Yini kungaba izicubu isilwane?

Izilwane ezifana izinhlobo izicubu:

• kwemizwa;
• kwemisipha;
• EPITHELIAL;
• uxhumano.

Zonke kodwa kuqala zihlukaniswe izinhlobo. Imisipha izicubu abushelelezi, striated futhi inhliziyo. EPITHELIAL ihlukaniswe olulodwa-egqinsiwe, multilayered - kuye isibalo izingqimba, kanye cubic, cylindrical futhi Planar - kuncike cell ukuma. ezicutshini esihlanganisa zinhlobo ezifana fibre okuxekethile, fibre okuqinile, reticular, igazi lymph fat, ethanjeni uqwanga.

A ezihlukahlukene isitshalo kwezicubu

Plant kwezicubu zihlanganisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• ngobuningi;
• isembozo;
• indwangu conductive;
• ngemishini;
• zemfundo.

Zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo kwezicubu ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana zazo. Ngakho, i-main ukukhathazeka nokwenziwa lilondolozwe, amanzi esindayo futhi womoya. Ukumboza Indwangu kuhlanganiswe zinhlobo ezifana amagxolo, ukhokho futhi epidermis. Ngu kokuqhuba izicubu kukhona xylem futhi phloem. Manual sehlukaniswe collenchyma futhi sclerenchyma. Ukuze zihlanganisa zemfundo uhlangothi, apical kanye ejotshelelwayo.

Zonke izindwangu ekufezeni imisebenzi ethile, nokwakheka kwawo oluhambisana indima abasenzela. Lesi sihloko kuzoxoxwa Indwangu conductive ngaphezulu, izici isakhi amaseli ayo. Futhi ukhulume imisebenzi yayo.

Indwangu conductive: izici kwesakhiwo

Lezi izindwangu zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili: phloem futhi xylem. Njengoba bobabili kwakhiwa kusukela meristem esifanayo, ezikulesi simila zitholakala eduze komunye nomunye. Nokho, isakhiwo kwezicubu kokuqhuba kwezinhlobo ezimbili kuhluke. Asikhulume okwengeziwe ezimbili izinhlobo kwezicubu conductive.

Imisebenzi izindwangu conductive

indima yabo eyinhloko - ukuthuthwa izinto. Nokho, umsebenzi izindwangu conductive, engekho nakunoma zohlobo olufanayo ayehluka.

Indima xylem - ethwele izixazululo chemical kusukela empandeni kuze kube zonke ezinye izitho zalesi sihlahla.

A umsebenzi phloem - kokuqhuba uketshezi kolunye uhlangothi - emazikweni ethize zalesi sihlahla eduze stem phansi impande.

Uyini xylem?

Wabuye idluliselwe kwenye ugodo. Indwangu conductive yalolu hlobo siqukethe ezahlukene Umqhubi tincenye letimbili: tracheids nempahla. Futhi, yakhiwa izakhi mechanical - izinkuni fibre, futhi izakhi eziyisisekelo - izinkuni parenchyma.

Kuyini isakhiwo amaseli xylem?

Amaseli Indwangu conductive zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili: tracheids nezitsha izingxenye. Tracheids - lena yezinyoni eside kakhulu enezindonga ziqotho, lapho kukhona ikhule ezimbotsheni ukuthuthwa izinto.

Eyesibili conductive isici amaseli - esibuthakathaka - siqukethe amaseli amaningi, ababiziweyo izitsha izingxenye. La mangqamuzana ahlelwe eyodwa ngaphezu kwamanye. Lapho zihlukana khona izingxenye isitsha efanayo ngokusebenzisa izimbobo. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi perforations. Lezi izimbobo ezidingekayo ukuthuthwa izinto ngokusebenzisa izitsha. Ukuhambisa izixazululo ezihlukahlukene izitsha kuyinto ngokushesha okuningi kunalokho tracheids.

Amaseli bobabili amalungu conductive bafile futhi ukuqukatha protoplasts (protoplasts - amaseli okuqukethwe ngaphandle udonga cell, isb kuba umnyombo ulwelwesi cell kanye organelles). Protoplasts bebengekho, njengoba they were yezinyoni ukuthutha izinto kuyoba nzima kakhulu.

Ngu kungenzeka ezitsheni tracheids izixazululo zithutha hhayi thwi kuphela kodwa futhi nendawo - ukuba namangqamuzana aphilayo noma elingumakhelwane izakhi conductive.

Izindonga izakhi conductive abe ukuqina, anikeza amandla yezinyoni. Kuye uhlobo izakhi idatha thickenings conductive zihlukaniswe Kuvunguza, annelids, isitebhisi, Mesh futhi Pore ichashaza.

umsebenzi Mechanical kanye izakhi eziyisisekelo xylem

Imicu yotshani Izinkuni zibizwa futhi ngokuthi librioformom. Lokhu obuphelele side singene amaseli okuye uqweqwe izindonga odrevesenevshimi. Zenza umsebenzi ukwesekwa yokunikeza amandla xylem.

Imisuka Indwangu ayehlala kuwo lapho ekuleso parenchyma xylem ethulwa ugodo. Lawa amaseli nge igobolondo bok, alinikela ikhule ezimbotsheni elula. Nokho, esikhundleni parenchyma amaseli uxhumano isitsha ke inomngcele ukuya, okuyinto ehlangene yayo elula ngezinye izikhathi. Izinkuni parenchyma amaseli, ngokuphambene, kungekho angenalutho izitsha amaseli. Sinenkosi protoplasts. Xylem parenchyma wenza umsebenzi isipele - e Stocking yakhe izakhamzimba.

Yini ehlukanisa xylem izimila eziningi ezihlukahlukene?

Njengoba tracheids ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kwaphakama kuneNingizimu izitsha, izakhi conductive zikhona izitshalo ezweni eliphansi. Lokhu spore (ezinjengohlinzamfuku, wona, club wona, horsetails). gymnosperms abaningi baphinde babe tracheids kuphela. Nokho, abanye gymnosperms kukhona izitsha (zikhona e gnetalians). Futhi, ezimweni ezehlukile, lezi zinto zikhona, futhi abanye Izinhlobo kanye horsetails.

Kodwa angiosperms (izimbali) izitshalo zonke benomthwalo tracheids nempahla.

Uyini phloem?

Indwangu conductive yalolu hlobo ubizwa nangokuthi phloem.

Ingxenye esemqoka ye-phloem - ngesihlungo izakhi conductive. Futhi e isakhiwo samanje izakhi Bast mechanical (phloem Imicu yotshani) netakhiwo base Indwangu (phloem parenchyma).

Izici yalolu hlobo Indwangu conductive itholakala lokuthi amangqamuzana ngesihlungo izakhi, kunokusebenza izakhi conductive xylem ahlale ephila.

Isakhiwo izakhi ngesihlungo

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama kubo: ngesihlungo amaseli bese ngesihlungo amashubhu. Eyokuqala welulela ubude futhi baye bakhomba kuphelile. Basuke lwangena ngokusebenzisa izimbobo, lapho kukhona ezokuthutha izidakamizwa. Amaseli ngesihlungo kukhona bakudala ezingaphezu kuka ngesihlungo izakhi ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Ziyakwazi nobuntu izitshalo ezifana spore futhi gymnosperms.

Ngo angiosperms izakhi conductive ethulwa ngesihlungo amashubhu, ehlanganisa sebuningini amaseli - izingxenye izici ngesihlungo. I izimbobo ngokusebenzisa amangqamuzana emibili elandelanayo yakha ipuleti ngesihlungo.

Ngokungafani amaseli ngesihlungo, okukhulunywe amayunithi isakhi izakhi ezinamangqamuzana amaningi conductive Awekho core, kodwa basaphila. Indima ebalulekile isakhiwo se-phloem ka angiosperms futhi ukudlala Klek-engumngane, nahodyatschiesya eduze, ngakho isitokisi ngasinye ingxenye izakhi ngesihlungo. Ngane kokubili organelles futhi nucleus. Kuzo kukhona exchange of izinto.

Njengoba sazi ukuthi amaseli phloem nokuphakama kwezindleko zokuphila, lokhu izicubu conductive ayikwazi ukusebenza isikhathi eside. Ngo isitshalo zisetshenziswa ngesikhathi ukuphila salo emithathu kuya kwemine, ngemva kwalokho amaseli ijwabu semithambo afe.

izakhi engeziwe we phloem

amaseli Ngaphezu kwalokho ngesihlungo noma amashubhu, kukhona izakhi lendwangu futhi izakhi mechanical indwangu conductive. Lesi sakamuva ivezwa Bast (phloem) zesivikelo sesifuba. Zenza umsebenzi ukwesekwa. Akubona bonke izitshalo babe Imicu yotshani phloem.

Elements lendwangu emelelwa parenchyma phloem. Yena, kanye parenchyma xylem, wenza indima eyisipele. It Stocking izinto ezifana tannins, inhlaka nabanye. Ikakhulukazi ithuthukiswe lezi zinto kufanele gymnosperms phloem.

amagxolo Inner zezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene izitshalo

Ngo izitshalo aphansi ezifana Izinhlobo futhi wona, it is emelelwa amaseli ngesihlungo. efanayo Amagxolo kwangaphakathi esivamile iningi gymnosperms.

izitshalo Angiosperm zinezinto conductive ezinamangqamuzana amaningi: amashubhu ngesihlungo.

I Ukwakheka kohlelo nokuqhuba izitshalo

Xylem futhi phloem njalo ahlelwe side by side futhi ifomu izinyanda. Kuye ngokuthi lakhiwe kanjani izinhlobo ezimbili lendwangu conductive ahlelwe isihlobo komunye nomunye, kukhona izinhlobo eziningana imishayo. I eseduze njalo kakhulu. Basuke ahlelwe ngendlela yokuthi phloem ivuliwe Kolunye uhlangothi xylem.

Kukhona futhi imishayo eyindilinga. Kuzo eyodwa Indwangu conductive ozungezayo omunye. Bona zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili: tsentrofloemnye futhi tsentroksilemnye.

Indwangu conductive has a impande ngokuvamile imishayo osabalalayo. Bona xylem imisebe bechezuka isikhungo, futhi phloem elise phakathi imisebe xylem.

izinyanda Collateral ayisibonelo esengeziwe angiosperms futhi eyindilinga - I-spore futhi gymnosperms.

Isiphetho: Ukuqhathanisa izinhlobo ezimbili izindwangu conductive

Njengoba isiphetho, sethula itafula lapho esifushanisiwe idatha ebalulekile ezimbili izinhlobo kwezicubu conductive izitshalo.

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi konke mayelana kwezicubu kokuqhuba zezitshalo: lokho abayikho, yini imisebenzi lwenziwa nokuthi ukwakha kangakanani ezitokisini zabo.