Qala ukuyiprinta eYurophu

Qala ukuyiprinta eYurophu ngokuyinhloko ngenxa kokusungulwa iphepha e-China. Ngesikhathi ukuvela kokushicilela kungekho izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu esingaphansi yesandla zadalwa ephepheni izinhlobo ezahlukene izinga obuhlukahlukene.

Ulwazi bokuqala mayelana nemininingwane yobuchwepheshe ukushicilela usuku emuva 2. BC. e. Atholakala eziye zatholwa abavubukuli eGreece (Crete) Festistkogo disk. Wenziwa ngobumba. It ibekwe wanyathela noma sihleli izincwadi. nginyathela indlela ladluliselwa East.

ukuphrinta angaba khona ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene ngeendlela ezihlukeneko. Imibhalo Chinese ungathola ulwazi mayelana wensimbi okuthiwa Pi Sheng. Wayengumuntu phakathi 1041 kanye 1048 zenziwa izinhlamvu nobumba. Ukuze okufanayo imininingwane indaba wensimbi yasungulwa futhi ukuhlelwa Cashier, lapho izincwadi wawugcinwa. Nokho, incwadi ethi kuze kube manje akukaze kufinyelelwe.

Nakabuka archival kanye Museum ubufakazi, izazi-mlando zisikisela ukuthi ekuqaleni ukuphrinta eYurophu angaboshelwani eGibhithe futhi waseByzantium. Ubunzima kuphela isiqinisekiso kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela, njengoba ishicilelwe ngesikhathi, azikho izincwadi.

Qala ukuphrinta eYurophu lihlotshaniswa namagama amaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, endabeni kunobufakazi othile Procope Valdfogele. Wayefanele izinhlamvu 48 kanye namanye amathuluzi metal. Nokho, izincwadi ezinyatheliswa kubo asizange sisinde.

Phakathi abanye abantu emlandweni ihlangabezana Jean Brito, futhi lo dokotela ePhamfiliya Kastadi. Mayelana amaphrinta courtly ' Inkosi yakwa-France Nikola Zhansone, izincwadi ezinyatheliswa e Venice, nase-Paris, uthi emithonjeni eminingi.

Ihlobene ngokuseduze ekuqaleni ukuphrinta e-Europe, nalo mfana altare isonto ababevela eNetherlands. Igama lakhe kwakungu-Lawrence Yanszon Koster. Kusolwa ukuthi imfihlo ukuphrinta wathatha izintambo kusukela ababaleki empumalanga Armenia. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engu Koster Wenzele abazukulu bakhe izinhlamvu moveable futhi benyathelisa izincwadi eziningana. Lezi zincwadi ziye zalondolozwa, kodwa ulwazi lakhicitwe Koster, khona.

Emadolobheni amaningi aseYurophu kukhona ezikhumbuzo kubantu ngezindlela ezingafani ezihlobene nemidwebo. Nokho, okubalulekile yabo kokusungulwa ubuchwepheshe ukuphrinta akuyona kungase kutholakale by emlandweni. Umqondo ukushicilelwa wakwazi bona ngokucace kakhudlwana phakathi nekhulu le-15.

Ngokusho ososayensi abaningi, inani kokusunguliwe, ukushicilelwa amabhuku ngakwesokudla enikezwa Gutenberg. Kuyinto naleli gama lihlotshaniswa kokuqala ukuphrinta eYurophu. Usuku, okuhlanganisa ucwaningo lwakhe lokuqala typographic - 1440. Ngalesi sikhathi eStrasbourg wafundiswa edition Latin lolimi Donat, ikhalenda ezinkanyezi kwentethelelo likapapa. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, waphindela edolobheni lakhe lokuzalwa Mainz, Gutenberg waqala umsebenzi ukushicilelwa iBhayibheli eliphelele.

42-line zeBhayibheli lesiLatini, yanyatheliswa ngo eminyakeni 1453-1454. Amakhasi yencwadi (ka 1282) equkethwe imigqa 42, wahlela amakholomu amabili. izakhi umhlobiso edishini Kwakuseshwa ngesandla.

Ngemva kokufa Gutenberg e 1468 ukuphrinta waqhubeka abafundi bakhe. Basakaza izindaba mayelana kokusungulwa ukushicilelwa master ubuchwepheshe kulo lonke elaseJalimane bese Europe. Guttenberg idale hhayi kuphela imishini yokunyathelisa lokuqala, kodwa futhi yasungulwa indlela ukwakhiwa kanye ifonti Foundry ukuma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lingelikaJehova umbono yokudala ingxubevange Ukwakheka okukhethekile ongaphakeme tide izincwadi.

Umlando wokunyathelisa e laseRussia aqala nge maphakathi nekhulu le-16. Umsunguli yokunyathelisa e le Muscovite isimo kwaba Ivan Fedorov. Incwadi yokuqala (sangomhla) - "Umphostoli" - wadedelwa ngo 1564 ukuphrinta endlini eMoscow. Wayesebenza ekukhuleni yayo Fyodorov nomsizi wakhe uPetru Mstislavets. Ngekhulu le-17 kwakukhona izindlu eziningana ukuphrinta eRussia. Nokho, kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 ukuphrinta ekhulwini nqubo iye akushintshanga kangako. Petru 1 ushintsho kuphela ifonti - uye wasungula civil esikhundleni isiSlavonic Esidala izincwadi.