Grand Duchy of Warsaw (iminyaka 1807-1815): Umlando

Warsaw Duchy yayikhona 1807-1815 biennium. It sidalwe uNapoleon, futhi nakuba ngokusemthethweni kubhekwe ezimele, eqinisweni, kuyinto satellite yeFrance. Uma othile uzowanqoba Russian Bonaparte wayehamba ukuguqula it umbuso, kodwa labo izinhlelo waya nenkinga enkulu. Ngemva kokunqotshwa eFrance yi azihlanganisa Warsaw Duchy lalihlukene phakathi, kukhona omakhelwane: Austria, Prussia neRussia.

prehistory

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII emva ukwahlukanisa ka Rzeczpospolita ingxenye Poland ukuthi lathathwa umbuso Prussia. Isimo Sengqondo bendawo emagunyeni German bebelokhu ezimbi kakhulu. Okwamanje, kanti eMpumalanga Yurophu idrama Polish zenzeka e entshonalanga Izwe Elidala waphula French Revolution. Maduze amandla, uNapoleon wafika Paris. Wayehola French kunomunye monarchies European, owabona e kokuwa Bourbons usongo ukuba khona kwazo. Napoleon iwine umkhankaso zomkhankaso. Kwe-Europe ku emazweni ayenqotshiwe, wahlela i-oda entsha futhi osungulwe kwenkululeko civil afana nalawa asanda uvele France.

Ngakho, ngenxa nabasePoland, owayehlala ngaphansi kwejoka umthetho angaphandle, Bonaparte sekuwuphawu wethemba izinguquko ngokushesha. usizo French zifinyelelwe abameleli besigaba wobunxiwankulu. Le nkolelo kwadingeka kwesisekelo salo, ngoba Napoleon ilwa Prussia, okwakusho ukuthi amazwe amabili abe isitha esifanayo. Nge zonke kokunqotshwa monarchist sokusebenzisana inhliziyo ubuzwe ePoland sasilokhu sikhula. Ngo 1806, ibutho sikaNapoleon langena Prussia.

amazwe French-Polish matasa wanika Napoleon ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi i-akhethekile esikhashana Uhulumeni Commission. ikhanda lakhe baba Marshal NguStanisław Małachowski. Igunya entsha ukwenza imishini kanye nokudla amabutho Polish nesiFulentshi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uKhomishane ukhansele imithetho Prussian futhi abuyisele umthetho odlule ngesikhathi Commonwealth.

ekudalweni kwendawo Duchy

Ngo 1807, phakathi France futhi abamelene nazo sasayinwa iSivumelwano Tilsit. Ngokusho kwale dokhumenti, kwakukhona esizimele Prussia Duchy waseWarsaw. Lesi simo esisha Polish kwaba izwe eliyifa amaJalimane, ngokuvumelana nesigaba II no III-Commonwealth. Nokho, Duchy wasala ngaphandle kundawo noLwandle iBaltic. Zempikiswano Bialystok nesifunda, uNapoleon wanika Russian uMbusi u-Alexander I.

Le ndawo isimo owawusanda kumiswa wawakhiwa 101.000 square metres. km. It wahlala abantu 2.5 million. isimo Special wathola Gdansk. Waba idolobha khulula (efana nale nkathi njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma) ngaphansi kokuqondisa umbusi French.

Napoleon iphrojekthi

Eyayenziwe wadala Duchy waseWarsaw eyathatha iminyaka 8 kuphela ubudala. Le nkathi kwenzeka esikhathini lempumelelo enkulu sikaNapoleon enkundleni ngamazwe. Yiqiniso, naphezu ukuzimela ngengqondo, le Duchy of Warsaw bekulokhu satellite of France, njengamanye amazwe amaningi ayesanda kuthola inkululeko esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Poland nenqaba empumalanga yoMbuso kaNapoleon. Inani layo yayiphezulu kakhulu ngenxa nakanjani esondela ezingqubuzana Russia. Akumangazi ukuthi 1812 the Duchy of Warsaw balahlekelwa omkhulu. Ibutho lakhe, zithunyelwe eRussia, kwakukhona abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-100. isimo wezwe njengoba ekamu lezempi waqinisekiswa yokuthi Napoleon wanikeza ingxenye Polish impahla kahulumeni ezazibuswa ojenene yayo French futhi semashi.

Ngo-July 1807 Grand Duchy of Warsaw wathola umthetho-sisekelo walo siqu. Lo mkhosi ukusayina okwenzeka ku Dresden. Umthetho omusha eziyisisekelo wayekuqonda ukubaluleka kokuyazi ekudleni kanye isikhundla evelele yezikhulu Polish. Ngakho, Grand Duchy of Warsaw wathola umthethosisekelo eziningana yayisikhululeke kakhudlwana, njengoba kuqhathaniswa ne yokutholwa kwamanye amazwe European adalwe Napoleon.

umbusi French ikhishiwe ukusuka amandla basePoland, Jacobins. Umphumela angenelele kwaba ukuthi Ukudla kwakukhona preponderance komhlaba umusa yezikhulu futhi ukhomba ngophakathi. osopolitiki Polish babé ukhiye Stanislav Potocki (Usihlalo uMkhandlu Wombuso), feliks Lyubensky (kuNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa), Tadeusz Matushevich (uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali) kanye Yuzef Ponyatovsky (ibutho umhleli futhi abe yisikhonzi sabo impi).

amandla

Ngokusemthethweni, le Duchy of Warsaw kwaba ohlanga. It langena nimunye Saxony. Ngakho, iNkosana waba umbusi isimo laseJalimane Frederick Augustus I. nkosi kwadingeka ilungelo ukuchibiyela futhi anezele uMthethosisekelo, ukwenza izinguquko ukuze Sejm. He is silandise noHulumeni.

Ukudla uye waba emakamelweni amabili - Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye eqhugwaneni wokuba amanxusa. Leli gunya kungenxa yesiko zomlando isibe omunye siphephelo ithonya yezikhulu (izikhulu). Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umthethosisekelo Warsaw ziyaphikisana imithethosisekelo kaNapoleon (isib Westphalian naseNaples) ngomqondo wokuthi yakha nesimiso ukusetshenziswa, futhi ikhethe ephalamende.

Izici eziningi zomphakathi we Duchy of Warsaw zenziwa France wamavukelambuso. Umkhandlu Wezigele izimantshi, ababhishobhi Castellan. Bonke zimelwe enkulu alinganayo. Umkhandlu Wezigele, ngokungafani Posolskaya eqhugwaneni agcwaliswa ngokuvumelana nezinjongo nkosi. I enkhundleni (elokishini) imihlangano, iningi ngokuyisisekelo wanamathela for the nezimboni nabanikazi bemihlaba, akuyona izicukuthwane.

A ithopholoji kohlelo French in the Duchy of Warsaw kwaba uMkhandlu WoMbuso. Kwakuthinta eliholwa kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi. Futhi kufakwe Council of Ministers. Lokhu umzimba waqoqela izikweletu ukuze kuxazululwe izimpikiswano phakathi iziphathimandla yokuphatha kanye zokwahlulela. UMkhandlu Wombuso wenza imisebenzi sokweluleka eDuke.

Sejm

I Ukudla esasiphethe izintela, isigebengu futhi komthetho we-civil. Futhi aba ngaphansi kwakhe kwaba ayenza lezi we Duchy waseWarsaw. amandla Okuningi ebanzi yenkosi enwetshiwe nemithetho izindaba zokuphatha kanye nezombusazwe. Nkosana alawule isabelomali. ngemithetho ehlongozwayo zazilotshwe uMkhandlu Wombuso. Sejm ubengase ngenqaba noma ngamukela kubo. Kulesi umzimba amandla ikhomishana ukusebenza, okuyinto ezitjhukunyiswako ayo ukuze imithetho, kodwa kulokhu, izwi wokugcina kwaba ngoba uMkhandlu WoMbuso.

Phakathi khona Ekudleni mayelana kathathu kuphela: e 1809, 1811 kanye 1812. Iseshini Kugcine bekungaphezu kokuvamile. Yingaleso sikhathi ngenxa yesinqumo we Sejm kwaqala iMpi Yezwe II ne Duchy of Warsaw, babe ohlangothini Napoleon. Bonaparte, edabula Poland, waqala ukubiza i session okungavamile. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuKesari French waqala inqubo ukuvuselelwa nimunye Lithuania. Ubuhlobo Vilnius futhi Warsaw uyahlukunyezwa no-Aleksandru I. The Emperor Russian ubezama lizuze naseLithuania ngasohlangothini lwabo, ebathembisa ukuvuselelwa Grand Duchy. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa okusalungiswa entsha e-Commonwealth akazange athathe indawo. Ikusasa ngazimisela ukungaphuthi sivumelwano Poland, futhi impi phakathi neFrance neRussia. Joyina i-Duchy of Warsaw kanye neCongress of Vienna esikhathini esidlule Ushiye umqondo Polish-Lithuanian Union.

uhulumeni

Duchy of uhulumeni lalinabashumayeli 6 izikhonzi: ingaphakathi, ubulungisa, inkolo, ezezimali, amaphoyisa nebutho lezempi. Lingena waseWarsaw. Kulokhu, isikhulu Saxon wahlala ku Dresden. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, phakathi kwakhe uhulumeni ubelokhu umlamuleli njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kuxoxwa izinqumo ezibalulekile ikakhulukazi, kokubili ezifuywayo futhi inqubomgomo angaphandle, izwi lokugcina wasala izakhamuzi zaseFrance.

Futhi, imisebenzi uhulumeni ngaphansi kolawulo loMkhandlu State. Ungqongqoshe akuxhomekile le Sejm. UMnyango ngamunye kwaba uhulumeni monokratnym. Ngamanye amazwi, sabaphathi bureaucratic benza isikhonzi uyisihluthulelo ensimini yakhe. abangaphansi kwakhe asikwazanga inselelo izinqumo kumqashi wakhe. ukubaluleka Special zezinkonzo ezihlukahlukene amaphoyisa kanye izindaba zangaphakathi. Kwakumelwe watch phezu nokugcinwa oda isimo. Ezimweni eziphuthumayo, uNgqongqoshe wamaPhoyisa zingase zisebenzise ngisho siqu ngumqaphi walo ekhethekile.

umphakathi

Kanye ushintsho kwezombusazwe ukwakheka Duchy waseWarsaw akuniké ePoland umthetho ngokuyinhloko entsha. NgokoMthethosisekelo yokutholwa, izimiso zokulingana yato tonkhe takhamuti kukhululwe kungakabikho umthetho livikeleke. Nakuba division zibe amakilasi akuyona amiswe, ke ngokuphawulekayo kungagcini. Kakade nokhetho lokuqala kuya Sejm futhi imihlangano zindlani wabonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi (abavamile) bakwazi thatha nje ubaniké ukuvota amalungelo.

Nokho, ngo-1808, saba ngumthetho waphasiswa, buhlungu eqinile kwindawo yamaJuda. Bona okwesikhashana (iminyaka eyi-10) ziye kungagcini amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Ngaphansi imithetho emisha, amaJuda kwadingeka ukuba ucele imvume esemthethweni kuqinise umshado. Labantu lamaJuda elalingaphansi emthwalweni ngiyofundela ezempi, kodwa kunalokho, wakhe kakhulu intela.

Njengakwamanye amazwe amaningi aseYurophu, kubalulekile ukuhlala nesineke umbuzo ongumlimi. I Duchy waseWarsaw sidalwe ePoland, lapho isekhona serfdom. Uhulumeni omusha waqeda kwencika izinduna bakule ndawo. Nokho, abalimi baye empeleni bancishwa umhlaba eyayisele kwezikhulu. Reform futhi asisebenzanga kuze kube sekupheleni. izimpi njalo kaNapoleon okubangelwa ekubhujisweni phansi usetha amapulazi. I umbango phakathi abalimi kanye nezicukuthwane ukwandisa unyaka ngamunye kuphela.

Ukunqoba kuka-Austria

Ukuhambisa ngemva Inqubomgomo sikaNapoleon, le Duchy of Warsaw waya ukungqubuzana ngenakugwemeka nezitha kombusi French. Ngo 1809 kwaqala iMpi Omhlangano Omkhulu Wesihlanu Coalition. Ngalesi sikhathi, France nabasizi balo ibhekene Austria, Brithani, yeSisili Sardinia. Iningi amabutho Polish wajoyina ibutho Bonaparte. I Duchy wahlala umzimba Yuzefa Ponyatovskogo (abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-14). Ibutho Austrian ehlaselwa Saxony kanye Duchy of Warsaw, okuyinto uma zisakaza amabutho Napoleon babebonakala laliba isisulu esilula.

EPoland ke yahlasela ibutho 36000th. April 19, 1908 wathatha indawo impi ewumnqamula-juqu - impi ka raszyn. NabasePoland elaliholwa Yuzef Ponyatovsky, le Austrians - okwadutshulwa ngalo iNkosana uFerdinand Karl. I ukushayisana kwenzeka ngomhla marshland anolaka. NabasePoland alwa kanzima, kodwa ekugcineni ahlehla. Warsaw eyalwa ngokushesha. Nokho, ithuba jikelele lesihlanu sokusebenzisana impi owawuqondene Austrians hit emuva. Kuphela amasonto ambalwa le nabasePoland counterattacked, wabuya yonke indawo uthathile futhi, ngaphezu, wathatha Sandomierz, Lublin, Lviv futhi Krakow. Ekupheleni kwempi, ngokuvumelana ukuthula isivumelwano, Warsaw Duchy ungasinika entshonalanga Galicia, ngaleyo ndlela nohafu anda insimu yalo.

Impi ne Russia

Ngesikhathi kugqashuka impi phakathi France neRussia, Duchy of Warsaw (1807-1813) kwenzakala a sesikhashana phakathi abaphikisi ezimbili eziyinhloko. Ngo-June 1812 we-Seimas, ukuhlangana e Warsaw, wanquma ukuthatha ohlangothini Napoleon. Emperor of umkhankaso French eRussia wawa. Ukuya ngasempumalanga bayibutho-isigamu million, wabuyela ezweni lakubo nezikhonzi Ragged futhi elambile latinkhulungwane letinyentana.

ukunqotshwa sikaNapoleon kwasho ukuphela ekuseni, okuyinto elinde Grand Duchy waseWarsaw. Impi lasakazekela emazweni Polish. January 1, 1813 ezintathu amakholomu ngaphansi Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov wawela umngcele emfuleni Neman futhi kuqonde Polotsk. I Duchy ngalesi sikhathi abantu abaningi bashona ngesikhathi amabutho ambalwa basePoland Saxon, abangakwazanga ukuba simelane hambisa eyathandwa ibutho Russian. EPoland, waqala umkhankaso wakhe odumile angaphandle yaphela ukuyiswa Paris.

Januwari 27 u ngokuthula kuthathwe Warsaw. Eqinisweni, i-Duchy abasekho. Nokho, Ingxenye nabasePoland, wahlala ethembekile Napoleon. 15000th Corps aholwa Yuzefa Ponyatovskogo kwesokunxele Austria ngethemba lokuthi French namanje ukunqoba Russian nokuzimela isimo, buyobuyiselwa. EPoland, wamelana amayunithi French kuphela wamisa phezu Vistula. Nokho, wehluleka ukuvimba isitha - wathi ukungathathi hlangothi Austria futhi Prussia, abanquma ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni ingxabano.

ukuqedwa

Lapho Napoleon lahluleka sokugcina, amandla enqobile wahlangana eVienna ukuze sithole ikusasa Old World. UMbusi French redrew yonke imingcele ngaphakathi ezwekazini laseYurophu - manje nezinye mithi kwadingeka ukuba disentangle le lokudlela zezombusazwe. Kwasekuqaleni, liba kwenye ukwahlukanisa kwezintathu yePoland. It Bahlala nge amandla onamandla ezintathu (Austria, Prussia neRussia) akanandaba ukhona.

Meyi 3, 1815, nangokwesinqumo sokwahlulela of iCongress of Vienna, e-Eastern Europe esungulwe imingcele entsha. Kube ukwahlukanisa ka ePoland - Warsaw Duchy uyekwa. Krakow, eyake yaba ingxenye ke, ezamenyezelwa idolobha khulula nezombusazwe republic. Kulesi format likhona kuze 1846.

Iningi Duchy of Warsaw baba ingxenye yeRussia. UMbusi u-Alexander lwamenyezelwa inkosi yasePoland. izindawo okusha wamnika yokuzimela kanye nomthethosisekelo ovulekile. Ngakho, nakuba la Duchy of Warsaw kwaba ingxenye yeRussia, abomdabu zakhona zihlala yayisikhululeke kakhudlwana kakhulu empeleni Russian. Emazweni aseNtshonalanga waqeda isimo zanikwa Prussia. Bakha isifundazwe entsha German - Grand Duchy Poznan.