Battle of Maloyaroslavets 1812

Impi Patriotic ka 1812 ngonyaka - lokhu ingenye Amakhasi nobuqhawe kakhulu emlandweni wethu, abantu Russian ngokugcwele baye babonisa ikhono ukuqinisa lapho sibhekene nengozi zangaphandle. Futhi nakuba ubhekwa umcimbi main zempi Borodino, kuba nempi ye-Maloyaroslavets 1812 ophoqelelwe Napoleon ukulahla plan for ukunqoba izifundazwe zaseningizimu futhi baphoqwa ukuba ashona endleleni Smolensk. Ngenxa yalokho, ibutho French labhujiswa, amasosha Russian yakhululwa eYurophu nase angena Paris.

prehistory

Cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokuba 14 Septhemba 1812 ibutho sikaNapoleon langena naseMoscow, bakhulise yayo waphenduka impi yabashokobezi. Ikakhulukazi isitha enzima amayunithi zilethwe, iphethwe yi- Ivan Dorokhov, A. Seslavin, D. no A. Davydov Figner njengoba bahamba bayocekela phansi izinqola nomphako kwabantu nefoliji lezilwane. Ngezinye elifanayo ukulahlekelwa isikhathi ngenxa yokuhlasela ngu abashokobezi kwi French Army amayunithi ngokuvamile zazinzima ufana inombolo abalimala yezimpi ezinkulu. Ikakhulukazi, 11 Okthoba Dorokhova squad bekhululiwe Vereya, ukushayisa ikhanda Ibutho we Westphalian ibutho, futhi abashokobezi Wamukele base esilungele bahlaselwe futhi njengoba Kaluga futhi Smolensk emigwaqweni. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela zimpahla kanye aklaba kuye kwasho ukuthi French aqala ukuphelelwa elwa ikhono ngisho waphonsa isibhamu ngenxa yokuntuleka amahhashi. Uma sicabanga ngakho konke okungenhla kanye obuthule Tsar Russian impendulo sipho yokuthula, uNapoleon watimisela kuya eMoscow futhi bathuthele Smolensk nge Kaluga.

Izenzo ngaphambi impi

Ngaphambi sikhuluma nje kwempi ye Maloyaroslavets, kufanele baqonde indlela nezitha ibutho jikelele kwenzakala eduze edolobheni elincane futhi zingezona ezibonakalayo, lapho ngaleso sikhathi wahlala mayelana kuphela 1.5 ayizinkulungwane. Ngakho ibutho sikaNapoleon ephuma zonakale dolobha Russian ngo-October 19 futhi zayiswa eduze Kaluga umgwaqo omdala. Nokho, ngosuku olulandelayo, lo mbusi ngaphambilini ukuze ujike edolobhaneni Troitskaya entsha Kaluga komgwaqo futhi wathumela phambili ngaphansi umyalo yaphenduka amaphikankani indodana yakhe angayizali Evgeniya Bogarne, ngubani ethumba edolobhaneni Okthoba 21 Fominskoe. Ngemva kombiko ukuthi isitha kufanele kube bebheke Maloyaroslavets, Kutuzov ngaphambilini Dokhturov ukuvimba indlela Kaluga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uNapoleon ngephutha eqonda iqhinga amabutho Russian ulungiselela impi futhi yayala Beauharnais ayeke liqhubekela phambili, abeke lokhu mission the division ngamanani amancane Jikelele Delzona.

Capture French Maloyaroslavets

Lapho Delzon besondela kuleli dolobha, umphathi-dolobha Bykov ngaphambilini ukubhujiswa kwebhuloho phezu lwalelo chibi. Nokho, lokhu akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa elihamba isitha ukuwela phesheya ku ukwakhiwa kwebhuloho pontoon futhi uthathe Maloyaroslavets, ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho muntu ukuvikela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo Umbusi ngokwakhe namabutho main bakanisephi ebusuku e Borovsk.

Battle of Maloyaroslavets usuku izenzakalo ezinkulu

Njengoba wazi, izazi-mlando ozithandayo imibuzo ka "lapho" futhi "lapho". Ngakho, impi ye-Maloyaroslavets ka 1812, okuyinto usuku - Okthoba 24, waqala at 5:00 am uma Dokhturov wathumela rangers ukuhlasela uColonel A. Bistrom. Izinkulungwane amasosha yalesi ibutho ephethwe lokususa French kwi emaphethelweni omuzi, kodwa kuya kumahora angu-11 ngosuku ukusiza abavikeli efika emashalofini Beauharnais, futhi kamuva Napoleon yena namabutho main. Sithole azowalekelela kanye isiRashiya, ngakho ntambama ekulweni kakade iqhaza abantu 9000 nangale. Ngemva kwamahora ambalwa, kodwa impi akuyona kuphela hhayi kudamba, kodwa wakhulela enolaka njengoba amabutho wokutakula ezisheshayo zonke emashalofini entsha.

Ngehora lesine impi ye Maloyaroslavets langena isigaba saso juqu. Iqiniso lokuthi Kutuzov wakwazi ukuthatha isikhundla evumayo ezindaweni eziphakemeyo, elise 1-3 km eningizimu yedolobha, okwenza bakwazi ukulawula indlela eya Kaluga. Kule mpi for emzini evutha wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-10 ntambama.

Imicimbi Okthoba 25-26

Ngakusasa ekuseni, esikhundleni Maloyaroslavets kwaba nomlotha, zombili futhi alungele impi. Nokho, Field Marshal M. I. Kutuzov ngokuzumayo ngaphambilini baleka izikhundla ukulungele kusihlwa, ukushaya izenzo zabo njengesimangaliso kunoma isitha. Lokhu iqhinga kwakulandelwa ukunyakaza Imfihlo regiments eziningana Platov, ngubani bawelela ohlangothini amaxhaphozi bashaya French. Futhi Napoleon yena wasinda bamba futhi waphoqeleka ukuba abize emkhandlwini Gorodnya, okuyinto olulodwa-handedly anquma "baye bacabange kuphela yebutho insindiso." Ngakho, impi ye-Maloyaroslavets ka 1812, usuku release zazo - Okthoba 26, uqede ukubaleka yebutho sikaNapoleon at Mozhaysk, sokuthi ayizange athembisa lutho oluhle.

Imiphumela

Ukwahlulela ngokubukeka imibiko yabaholi French lempi, ngubani zahlukahlukene, ibutho sikaNapoleon elahlekile kusuka 3500 abantu 6000. Ngokusho ohlangothini isiRashiya, abulewe kwathi amanye alimala mayelana 6.700 izikhulu nakubantu. Futhi akekho wakucabangela umonakalo phakathi izidlamlilo, ngubani Cishe babebaningi. Naphezu kwazo zonke izisulu, impi ye-Maloyaroslavets phakathi neMpi 1812 kamuva ngazwi linye obonwa mlando ukunqoba okukhulu amasu ka Kutuzov. Ngokuqondene isiFulentshi, kuphela imisiwe kokuhamba kwabo wancishwa ibutho ithemba sikaNapoleon zokugcina ukuze uqhube emkhankasweni wempi ngo-1813.

ojenene isiRashiya, odlala indima ethile juqu Empini bridgehead phezu amaxhaphozi yasebhange

Nganoma yiluphi izimpi, ngisho nangaphezu kwalokho, njengoba izinhlu zempi zakwa-Maloyaroslavets phakathi neMpi 1812 (kwenzeka ezinsukwini zokuqala ngemva ukubaleka of Napoleon kusuka eMoscow), akunakwenzeka ukusho amazwi ambalwa mayelana izinduna ababa nesandla kulo. Ngakho, empini ngenxa Luga bridgehead kwaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu:

• Mikhail Kutuzov. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba Field Marshal ekuqaleni impi wabonisa umbono kungemalengiso futsi Yaduma Tarutino iqhinga, ophoqelelwe Napoleon ukudlala yimithetho Russian. Isinyathelo esilandelayo Kutuzov kwaholela ukubaleka we isiFulentshi, kwaba isikhundla kuthathwe endleleni Kaluga, lapho isitha akakwazanga ukuthatha ngenxa yokuntuleka empi eqinile kanye wezikhali.
• M. Platov no D. Dokhturov. Ojenene, ngenxa okuyinto impi ye Maloyaroslavets (1812) kwaba ukuqala kwenkathi yokuphela kwezwe bebutho Omkhulu sikaNapoleon, waphawula ikakhulukazi lezi ojenene ababili - Merit kubo eliyigugu ngempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba sazi, emlandweni indima enkulu kudlalwa ngengozi, kwenzeka ngayizolo le mpi. Ngemva kwempi ye Maloyaroslavets 1812 (usuku: Okthoba 24) it is kuhlelwe, futhi uma French abalwamukelanga ukunyakaza Dokhturov umzimba sokulungiselela ulwa ekhaliphile wayeka ezihambayo izingxenye Beauharnais, it is ukuthi yini edale lokhu kwenzekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, esimweni ngokongamela Platov kwakungu ohlangothini uNapoleon, lapho Cossacks ayikwazanga lithunjwa. Kodwa impi kungenzeka seluphelile kakade Okthoba 25, 1812!
• A. Seslavin. Hhayi indima yokugcina empini Maloyaroslavets (usuku - 1812, October 24) saba nomphumela omuhle ngoba amabutho Russian futhi abashokobezi ukudlalwa. Ikakhulu, i-lamabutho uLieutenant General Seslavin. Iqiniso liwukuthi uma scouts yakhe akasibonanga French ibutho ukunyakaza, umzimba Dokhturov, ukulungiselela ukuhlasela Fominskoe emzaneni ngabe wahlulwa phambi impi iqala.

ojenene French abase zihlukaniswa ngokwabo empini Maloyaroslavets

Ojenene baka Napoleon kule mpi zihlukaniswa:

• Evgeniy Bogarne. Kwakuwusuku Viceroy of Italy yaqala Fominskoe, ukulungiselela amasosha uthwebule Maloyaroslavets efundiswa nguyise wokutholwa, futhi inawe yakhe 4th Corps kabusha wangena emzini kamuva wadedelwa rangers Bistrom.
• Alexis Delzon. Jikelele Delzonu nodumo lokuthumba umuzi lapho ungase uqale impi ye Maloyaroslavets. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena ngokwakhe kwaholela Kokunye ukuhlasela futhi bafa ngenxa yezimpi, njengoba kufanele nesosha abanesibindi.

namaqhawe Little-eyaziwayo impi

Ngezenzo uzibophezele empini ngenxa Maloyaroslavets, wathola imiklomelo amakhulu amaningana kwababusi. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona amasosha amaningi 19 Jaeger Regiment, okuyinto bangena kuhlasela futhi Archpriest uVladimir Vasilkovsky. Lokhu umfundisi lidume ngokuba isikhonzi lokuqala isiRashiya, ukhishwa Order of St George ngezinga lesine. A indima enkulu empini Maloyaroslavets ka 1812 yaphela ngo umusa yebutho Kutuzov sika, wadlala futhi S. Belyaev, ngaleso sikhathi yayingumthelisi omkhulu uMnyango enkantolo yendawo. Lapho French wayefuna ukuletha ibhuloho pontoon, le nsizwa yathatha ngaphandle edamini, futhi amanzi baphuthuma abahlaseli ebambekile.

Chernoostrozhsky Nicholas Monastery - ubufakazi obuthule umlando

Kuze kube manje, omunye kuphela abasinda, "ufakazi" ilwa uNapoleon, eyaqala osebeni lwalelo chibi emfuleni. Iqiniso liwukuthi kusukela ngasekupheleni 16 esigodlweni leminyaka in Maloyaroslavets, e 1812 ukuba maphakathi imisebenzi yezempi. Ngemva kwempi odumile abantu bomuzi waphawula ukuthi blue emasangweni sezindela ngesithombe koMsindisi ngokuphelele embozwe iminonjana zezibhamu eziyingozi, kodwa ubuso uKristu engavuswanga ezilimele noma nge inhlamvu eyodwa. It edunyiswa njengeNkosi isimangaliso, futhi phakathi nokubusa Nicholas mina ngomyalo wabaholi kombusi ku esangweni kwakubikwa eliqoshwe umbhalo othi "izilonda kukhunjulwa impi French." Ngeshwa, le ipuleti ayitholakali, kodwa namuhla seSangweni Blue, ungabona iminonjana izibhamu kwesokunxele restorers inkumbulo inzalo.

Izikhumbuzo yokudumisa namaqhawe zempi Maloyaroslavets, owasungulwa ekhulwini le-19

Cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva Okwesibili Umhlaba neMpi nge Napoleon abantu Russian wasungula nezikhumbuzo, okwakukhona ukuzoqhubekisela inkumbulo liwile. Yayiphumula nempi ye Maloyaroslavets, tshela kafushane okuyinto nzima impela.

Itshe lesikhumbuzo lokuqala yokudumisa namaqhawe lokhu kwaliwa lombhishobhi St Nicholas Church, eyakhelwe iminikelo baseRussia, ngayingcwelisa ngo-1843. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iminyaka engu-30 ukunqoba Russian ibutho empini nge Napoleonom Nikolay I yayala ukusungula lesikhumbuzo phansi zonke izimpi edume kunazo zonke, kuhlanganise e Maloyaroslavets. Itshe lesikhumbuzo waphonswa phezu Umklamo wezakhiwo A. Adamini nokusetha ke esigcawini edolobheni laqedwa ngo-October 1844. Ngeshwa, lokhu lesikhumbuzo asikafiki phansi kuze kube namuhla, njengoba labhujiswa-yalolucwaningo 30 ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka.

Izikhumbuzo amaqhawe impi, setha ekhulwini th 20-21

Ngo-1950 kwanqunywa ukuba uhlukanise epaki edolobheni kukhunjulwa izisulu neMpi Patriotic ngokumelene Napoleon. Wakhe awumisile ngokwabo emhlabeni ezimbili amathuna mass, lapho amasosha sangcwatshwa, sibonga ngalo impi ye Maloyaroslavets phakathi neMpi 1812 kwaba isikhathi soshintsho esibalulekile. Ngisho nangaphambili, behlonipha engu-100 kwasungulwa lo mcimbi, vaults engaphezu kwemibili lesikhumbuzo wamiswa.

Eyokuqala yalezi liyaphuma egqumeni. Maphakathi ukwakheka, yakhelwe ukuzoqhubekisela inkumbulo labo owanqoba impi ye Maloyaroslavets, imele esisekelweni nge edwaleni lapho engu- is agibele amahhashi. nemigundatshani wayo laying Wreath Polotsk ibutho, futhi kuleyo ndawo ngaphambi kwetshe lesikhumbuzo kungabonwa 3 ensimini isibhamu imodeli 1812 futhi nuclei iphiramidi.

Ngokuqondene wesibili lesikhumbuzo, itholakala esigcawini efanayo futhi oyidwala nge cross phezu okhombisa ngonyaka (impi ye Maloyaroslavets senzeka ngo 1812) futhi osungulwe a qwembe lwesikhumbuzo okudweba nombhalo othi: "Okhokho Valiant wesihlanu Corps".

Ngaphezu kwalokho, emaphethelweni kunesinye ethuneni elilodwa elikhulu nge Obelisk nesizotha, futhi esukela 1812.

Imemori izenzakalo ezenzeka Maloyaroslavets futhi iminyaka engaphezu kuka-200 edlule endaweni ezungezile, iyohlonishwa namuhla. Ikakhulukazi, October 5, 2014 emzini ukusungula lesikhumbuzo Archpriest B. Vasylkivska, olwasungulwa umculi Shcherbakov.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha impi ye Maloyaroslavets, 2014

Khumbula migilingwane izikhali ogogo nomkhulu - kuyinto isiko okuhle. Esikhathini kohlaka amashumi eminyaka emhlabeni wonke kwenziwe kabusha izimpi ehlukahlukene. Ezweni lethu, umcimbi wokuqala ezinjalo lahlelwa ekupheleni the 80s, futhi avame basuke enikelwe impi odumile ezimbili ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Kulo nyaka, njengoba kuvuselelwa impi ye Maloyaroslavets (2014) wathatha indawo ngo-October 26, futhi ngaphezu elwa iziqephu, ukusungulwa ngemininingwane enkulu, izethameli wabona umbukiso ezimibalabala, workshops ukwenziwa izinhlamvu, waba nengxenye imincintiswano ehlukahlukene.

izimpi eziningi impi ye-1812 kuze kube phakade ngokwendlela izincwadi yobuciko lempi. Nakuba, njengoba asho umbhali nkondlo, zonke eRussia ukhumbula usuku Borodino, Maloyaroslavets impi futhi ofanelwe ukuba inzalo akazange azikhohlwe namaqhawe alo.