Ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia. Ngo Senzeka ngamuphi unyaka ukuqedwa serfdom

isimo Legal yokubhalisa ngokuvumelana abalimi ngokuthi serfdom. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa libhekene ekukhuleni komphakathi e eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Kumiswa serfdom exhunywe ne ukuvela ubudlelwane amakhosi asendulo.

Umsuka serfdom eYurophu

Ingqikithi ukwencika amakhosi asendulo of abalimi kusukela umninindlu wayesabusa phezu serf ngabanye. Bewukwati sithengiselane, esenqabela travel ngaphakathi izwe noma idolobha, ngisho ukulawula nezindaba zokuphila kwakhe.

Njengoba ubudlelwane izinduna athuthukile, kuncike izici esifundeni, futhi serfdom wathatha ijamo ezisemazweni ahlukene ngezikhathi ezahlukene. ENtshonalanga Yurophu, it is washaya Ephakathi. ENgilandi, eFrance, eJalimane, serfdom uyekwa ekhulwini XVII. Izinguquko eziphathelene yokukhululwa abalimi, ecebile ukuKhanyiselwa. EMpumalanga Yurophu Central - izifunda lapho ubuhlobo izinduna sidonsa. EPoland, Czech Republic, eHungary serfdom ukuthi ithoma ukwakheka ekhulwini xv-XVI. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kuyi- Nordic amazwe kwezinkambiso sokuncika amakhosi asendulo of abalimi kusukela amakhosi asendulo futhi uwukakabi.

Izimfanelo nezimo kumiswa sokuncika izinduna

Umlando serfdom kusivumela ukulandelela izici isici kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo kanye nomphakathi lapho ubudlelwano akhiwa kuye abalimi by banjinga:

1. Ukuba khona igunya namandla emaphakathi.
2. kwamangqamuzana Social ngokusebenzisa ubunikazi.
3. Izinga eliphansi kwezemfundo.

Ngendlela efanele usaqala yentuthuko ubudlelwane izinduna Izinjongo kokugqilazwa kwaba okunamathiselwe ongumlimi kuya Holdings umhlaba zomninindawo futhi ukuvimbela yokuphunyuka lwabasebenzi. kwezinkambiso zomthetho ezilawula le nqubo ye intela - yokuntuleka labantu ukunyakaza lula ukuqoqwa inkokhiso. Okukhona phakathi kwamazwe asethuthukile feudalism imikhawulo babe wehlukile. Manje umlimi hhayi kuphela wayengasakwazi ukunyakazisa ngokuzimela bengonozulane, kodwa akazange Unelungelo futhi ithuba ukuthenga impahla, izwe kwadingeka ukuba ukhokhe imali ethile ukuze lo umninindlu ilungelo ukusebenza kumasayithi yakhe. Imikhawulo kwezakhi engezansi labantu lesifunda ezahlukene futhi ancike izici ekukhuleni komphakathi.

Umsuka serfdom eRussia

Inqubo kokugqilazwa eRussia - ezingeni imithetho zomthetho - owaqala ekhulwini xv. Khansela ukwencika siqu senziwa ngemva kweminyaka eminingi kwabhalwa kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ngokusho ukubalwa kwabantu, inani serfs ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zezwe wayehlukile. abalimi oncikile ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX waqala kancane kancane bathuthele kwezinye izigodi.

Abacwaningi ufuna umsuka izimbangela serfdom eRussia izenzakalo zenkathi Old isimo Russian. Owenza ubudlelwano nomphakathi kwenzekani ngokuya kokuba uhulumeni onamandla central - okungenani phakathi neminyaka 100-200, phakathi nokubusa Vladimira Velikogo futhi Yaroslava Mudrogo. Umzimba omkhulu imithetho sikhathi eyayiyinhloko-"Russian Iqiniso". Yayiqukethe amalungiselelo ezilungisiwe ubudlelwano of abalimi mahhala futhi unfree nabanikazi bemihlaba. Associates ayeyizigqila, izinceku, ukuthenga, ryadovichi - bawa ebugqileni ngaphansi kwezimo ezingafani. Kwaba smerdy bakhululeke - bakhokha intela futhi waba nelungelo ezweni.

Tartar ehlasela futhi izinduna kwehlukana steel kubangela Rus kwamazinyo. Land kanye isimo united baba ingxenye ePoland, eLithuania, Muscovy. imizamo okusha benziwa kokugqilazwa ekhulwini xv.

Ukuqala ukwakheka kwencika izinduna

Ngo xv-XVI eminyaka phezu nendawo eyayikade Rus kwamiswa uhlelo manorial. Umlimi esetshenziswa wesakhiwo of umnikazi womhlaba ngaphansi imigomo yenkontileka. Ngokomthetho, wayeyindoda khulula. Umlimi bazibo- kumnikazi wendawo kwenye indawo, kodwa sisusa ke akakwazanga eside. I nemikhawuko kuphela - kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ashiye izwe lize uzokhokha kumnikazi.

Umzamo wokuqala ukuba kukhawulwe amalungelo abalimi senziwa ngu-Ivan III. "Sudebnik" umbhali omamukele kwathatha kwamanye amazwe isonto ngaphambi nangemva Day St George sika. Ngo-1581 wakhipha isimemezelo wakhishwa evimbela ukukhululwa abalimi eminyakeni ethile. Kodwa akusho ukuthi lokhu unamathisele ukuba endaweni ethize. Isinqumo Novemba 1597 uphakamise isidingo ukubuyela abasebenzi umninindlu runaway. Ngo 1613 amandla Muscovy weza Romanov lwamakhosi - banda osesho kanye nokubuya runaway.

Mayelana Ikhodi Council

Ngayiphi ngonyaka serfdom phathelana semthethweni kuyinsakavukela engokomthetho? Ngokusemthethweni, isimo engaphansi abantukazana sivunyiwe Ikhodi Council 1649. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we kwaba sihluke kakhulu izenzo odlule. Code umcondvo lobalulekile emkhakheni wesi zomninindawo nokuhlobana ongumlimi kwaba ukunqabela yokugcina ukuthuthela kwamanye amadolobha namadolobhana. Njengoba indawo yokuhlala kwaba indawo okuphephile lapho umuntu wahlala phezu Imiphumela yokubalwa kwabantu ka-1620-yalolucwaningo. Omunye umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwezinkambiso ikhodi umthetho - izinsolo zokuthi ucinge umbaleki iba nanini. abalimi ilungelo nomkhawulo - idokhumenti cishe akhiwa kubo ukutshela abalimi. abasebenzi basemapulazini kwakungekaNkulunkulu uMnu

Qala of serfdom - uchungechunge imikhawulo ukunyakaza. Kodwa kwakukhona neziqondiso ukuthi ukuvikela nangobudlova zomninindawo. Umlimi angafanekisela akhononde noma ukumangalela, asikwazanga ophucwa umhlaba nje ukubhekana namanenekazi.

Ngokuvamile, le mithetho ayethe njo serfdom. Iminyaka abaphumele ukuqedela inqubo yokubhaliswa ephelele kwencika amakhosi asendulo.

Umlando serfdom eRussia

Ngemva Ikhodi Council uvele imibhalo eziningana, okuyinto fixed isimo abalimi nasekuthengeni. Ekugcineni, bazihlanganise endaweni ethile intela yokuhlala kabusha 1718-1724 inkathi. Kancane kancane izingqinamba sezishiye ukuklanywa isimo senceku abalimi. Ngo 1747, abanikazi bamazwe banikezwa ilungelo ukuthengisa umsebenzi wabo ukubuthela, kanti kwesinye engu-13 - bathunjwe eSiberia.

Ekuqaleni, umlimi waba nethuba kuMlawuli mhlaba, kodwa kwaba njalo 1767 kukhanselwe. Ngo 1783-m serfdom ukusabalala ensimini Kwesokunxele-Bank Ukraine. Yonke imithetho, eqinisekisa ukwencika amakhosi asendulo, ukuvikela kuphela amalungelo abanikazi bamazwe.

Noma iyiphi amadokhumenti okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza ngcono isimo abalimi, eqinisweni indiva. Paul mina decreed izinsuku ezintathu serfdom, kodwa empeleni isebenza yayithatha izinsuku 5-6. Kusukela 1833 kulendawo wathola ilungelo sisebenze ngokusemthethweni ukulahla impilo siqu serf.

Izigaba serfdom wavunyelwa ukuba ihlole zonke mlando zokuthola kwencika ongumlimi.

Ngobusuku obandulela izinguquko

Inkinga uhlelo serf waqala ukuba wazizwa ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII. Lesi simo olwathi ukuthiya intuthuko emphakathini kanye nokuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane zama-Capitalist. Serfdom kwaba odongeni ehlukanisa eRussia evela emazweni eziphucuzekile Europe.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kwakungekho kwencika izinduna phezu yonke insimu yezwe. Serfdom wayengekho eCaucasus, eMpumalanga Ekude, e-izifundazwe Asian. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX uyekwa e Courland, Livonia. U-Alexander I wakhipha umthetho phezu kubalimi khulula. Inhloso kwakuwukuba ekudambiseni ingcindezi abalimi.

Nicholas ngenza umzamo ukwakha ikhomishana okwakuyovela idokhumenti yokuqeda serfdom. Ukuqedwa kwalolu hlobo, kuye kulendawo uvinjelwe. Umbusi ngaphambilini bamazwe ngesikhathi yokukhululwa kubantukazana kuye sokumnika izwe ukuthi angakwazi ukusisingatha. Umphumela lo mthetho zaziwa - kulendawo saphela khulula serfs.

Qedela ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia zizokwenziwa indodana Nicholas mina - u-Alexander II.

Izimbangela nokuBuyiselwa kokuLima

Serfdom ingathiyeki ukuthuthukiswa isimo. Ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia uye edingekayo zomlando. Ngokungafani Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, e-Russia umkhakha kancane athuthukile kanye ukuhweba. Isizathu salokho kwaba ukungabi nogqozi kanye nesithakazelo abasebenzi yomshikashika wabo. Serfdom kwaba ukubopha on ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwane emakethe futhi ukuphothulwa izinguquko kwezezimboni. Emazweni amaningi aseYurophu ke iphelile ngempumelelo ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX.

Amakhosi asendulo umninindlu umnotho nasekwakheni ubuhlobo saphela ngempumelelo - abayikho yisikhathi futhi ayihambisani ngokoqobo esikhathini esidlule. Serf zabasebenzi akazange ayithethelele uqobo. Isikhundla engaphansi abalimi bancishwa ngokuphelele ngamalungelo abo kancane kancane yaba kulethe ngokuhlubuka. ukunganeliseki Social lakhula. kabusha Edingekayo ka serfdom. ukukhipha isinqumo ezidinga a professional approach.

Isenzakalo esibalulekile, umphumela owawungumnyaka izinguquko 1861, iyona neMpi YaseCrimea, lapho Russia wahlulwa. Okuphathelene nokuphilisana nokuhluleka inqubomgomo angaphandle ukhombe Inqubomgomo abakhiqizi ezifuywayo angaphandle.

Imibono ka serfdom

Sengqondo maqondana serfdom esashiwo eziningi abalobi, izazi zezombangazwe, wabahloli, ongqondongqondo. incazelo ozwakalayo wokuthi ukuphila abalimi zazihlolwa. Kusukela ekuqaleni ukhona serfdom yayikhona a imicabango yabantu ezimbalwa ku-akhawunti yakhe. Thina ukuhlukanisa okuphambene ezimbili eziyinhloko. Abanye bacabanga iphethini ezifana ubuhlobo ukuze monarchical kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo. Serfdom wabizwa ngokuthi umphumela ngokomlando moya of ukuphathwa kwesilisa, ewusizo for imfundo yesizwe sonkana kanti nesidingo esiphuthumayo nentuthuko egcwele futhi ngempumelelo kwezomnotho. Okwesibili, okuphambene ngowokuqala, isikhundla ukhuluma sokuncika izinduna njengoba buyinto zokuziphatha okubi. Serfdom, ngokuvumelana abalandeli umqondo, okuchitha social futhi isimiso sezombangazwe kanye emnothweni wezwe. Abagqugquzeli isikhundla yesibili kungenziwa ngokuthi waseHerzen, Aksakov. Ukushicilelwa A. Savelyev ophika yimuphi izici ezingezinhle serfdom. Umbhali ubhala ukuthi izitatimende mayelana inhlekelele abalimi zikude iqiniso. Izinguquko 1861 futhi ekhiqizwa Izibuyekezo okuxubile.

Ukuthuthukiswa Reform Project

UMbusi u-Alexander II okokuqala wakhuluma ngesimo amathuba ukuqedwa serfdom e 1856. Ngemva konyaka, le komiti obize, okuyinto kwaba ukuthuthukisa iphrojekthi kabusha. Lalinama abantu 11. IKhomishana baphetha ngokuthi kubalulekile ukwakha emakomitini akhethekile esifundazweni ngasinye. Kufanele ukutadisha isimo emhlabathini ukwenza izichibiyelo kanye nezincomo. Ngo-1857, lomsebenti ukhokhelwe ibhaliswe ngokomthetho. Umqondo oyinhloko plan yasekuqaleni ukuqedwa serfdom - ukuqedwa kwencika siqu, ngesikhathi esifanayo ulondoloze isimo amalungelo abanikazi bamazwe. Linikeza isikhathi ushintsho lithathelwe umphakathi ekuletheni izinguquko. ukuqedwa olungenzeka serfdom eRussia uye yadala ukudideka e abaninimhlaba ophansi. IKomiti elalisanda kumiswa bawenza umzabalazo emhlabeni izimo sokuguquka. Ngo 1858 kwanqunywa ukuba kuncishiswe ingcindezi abalimi, hhayi ukukhansela nokulutheka. Le phrojekthi yimpumelelo amaningi asethuthukile Y. Rostovtsev. Lolu hlelo luhlinzeka i-ukuqedwa sokuncika siqu, ukuvikela kwenkathi yenguquko, ukuhlinzekwa sezwe abalimi. osopolitiki okulondoloza akakuthandanga iphrojekthi - Base befuna nomkhawulo amalungelo abalimi kanye nobukhulu Holdings. Ngo 1860, ngemva kokufa Y. Rostovtsev, izinhlelo zentuthuko wahlanganyela V Panin.

Imiphumela zeminyaka eziningana ngomsebenzi wamakomiti wakha sisekelo ukuqedwa serfdom. 1861 emlandweni Russia osungugqamezweni ngazo zonke izindlela.

Ukumenyezelwa 'Manifesto "

Le phrojekthi of nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo kwakheka isisekelo we "Manifesto of the ukuqedwa serfdom." Umbhalo le dokhumenti okunezela "weMithethonqubo abalimi" - bachazwa ngokuningiliziwe yonke ubuqili ushintsho kwezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia owawuse 19 Februwari 1861 ngonyaka. Ngalolu suku, uMbusi wasayina Manifesto futhi wethula kuwo.

Uhlelo idokhumenti ezaqedwa serfdom. iminyaka Non-okuqhubekayo ubudlelwane izinduna esikhathini esidlule. Okungenani yilokho abaningi ukucabanga.

Izinhlinzeko ezisemqoka zomqulu:

• Abalimi base benikwe inkululeko ethé siqu, babebhekwa njengabantu "sibophekile okwesikhashana."
• serfs Owabe kungaba impahla, ilungelo ukuzibusa.
• Abalimi enikeziwe ezweni, kodwa labo okwakulindeleke ukuba basebenze futhi yokuyikhokhela. Ngokusobala, serfs wangaphambili akanamali ukuthenga, ngakho into ngokomthetho uqambe kwencika siqu.
• Usayizi umhlaba iziza kunqunywa kulendawo.
• Abaninimhlaba wathola isiqinisekiso kusukela State ilungelo lokuhlengwa ukuthengiselana. Ngakho, ezibophweni ezingokwezimali wabeka phansi abalimi.

Ngezansi, ukunakwa kwakho omenyiwe etafuleni "Serfdom:. Ukuqedwa sokuncika siqu" Ake sihlaziye imiphumela emihle nemibi ekutjhugululweni.

omuhle	ezingezinhle
Ukuthola kwenkululeko civil siqu	Kube wawubekelwe imingcele ukunyakaza
Ilungelo ngokukhululekile ushade, ukuhweba, ukuthumela izikhalazo enkantolo, lokuba nendawo	Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela amathuba, ukuba zithenge umhlaba empeleni ubuyela yokuma serf ongumlimi
Ukuvela izisekelo ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane emakethe	Abanikazi bezindawo ilungelo ukubeka ngenhla amalungelo abavamile
	Abalimi babe engathandi ukusebenza, wayengazi ukuthi ukungena emakethe. Njengoba kulendawo wayengazi ukuthi ukuphila ngaphandle serfs
	isihlengo eqolo umhlaba isabelo
	Kumiswa yomphakathi wasemaphandleni. Wayengeyena kulusizo ekuthuthukeni ngokuqhubekela phambili umphakathi

1861 emlandweni isiRashiya kwakuwulimi unyaka ukufohla e izisekelo zomphakathi. ubudlelwane izinduna ukuthi ayethe njo kule umphakathi ngeke esakwazi ewusizo. Kodwa kabusha awuzange ngokwanele ayicabangile, ngakho kwaba nemiphumela eminingi engemihle.

IRussia ngemva kwekuhlela kabusha

Imiphumela serfdom, ezifana zokungazimiseli ubudlelwane isicebi kanye nenhlekelele ukuze wonke amakilasi, khuluma ngezinto kwesikhathi futhi crudity izinguquko ezihlongozwayo. On the kabusha abalimi waphendula ezinkulu ukusebenza. Ukuvukela ishanelwe izifundazwe eziningi. Phakathi 1861 kwakunabamemezeli abangaphezu kuka-1000 nezibhelu.

Imiphumela emibi ukuqedwa serfdom, okuyinto iyathinteka ngokulinganayo kanye kulendawo, futhi abalimi, emnothweni isimo ayikalungi ukushintsha Russia. I kabusha waqeda ohlelweni olukhona eside lokuxhumana komphakathi kanye nezomnotho, kodwa akazange adale database nezindlela zokuthuthukiswa okunye yezwe endaweni entsha eziphakanyisiwe. abantukazana abampofu manje yacekeleka phansi ngokuphelele, futhi ngicindezelwe kulendawo, futhi nezidingo isigaba ezikhulayo wobunxiwankulu. Umphumela waba deceleration ekuthuthukiseni kosozimali yezwe.

Izinguquko azizange zikhulule abalimi abasuka esitokisini, kodwa zithatha kubo ithuba lokugcina lokondla imindeni yabo ngezindleko zabanikazi bezindlu, okwathi ngomthetho kumele bagcine izinsizakalo zabo. Izabelo zabo zancipha uma kuqhathaniswa nabangaphambi kokuguqula. Esikhundleni sezinkokhelo, abasebenza kuwo umninimzi, kwakukhona izinkokhelo ezinkulu zemvelo ehlukile. Umphakathi wasezindaweni zasemaphandleni usususe ngokuphelele amalungelo okusebenzisa amahlathi, amadlelo nezindawo zokugcina amanzi. Abalimi bebeyiziqhingi ezingenasidlangalaleni. Futhi konke okufanayo babhekwa njengabakhona embusweni okhethekile wezomthetho.

Kodwa-ke, abanikazi bemihlaba babulawa ngenxa yokuthi izinguquko zanciphisa intshisekelo yabo yomnotho. I-monopoly on the abalimi yaqeda ithuba lokusetshenziswa mahhala kwalokhu ekugcineni ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo. Eqinisweni, abanikazi bezindlu baphoqeleka ukuba banikeze abanikazi bendawo ukuthi babe ngabanikazi. Ukuguqulwa kwabonakala ngokungahambisani nokungahambisani, ukungabi nesisombululo sokuthuthukiswa komphakathi kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwezigqila zangaphambili kanye nabanikazi bezindlu. Kodwa, ekuhlaziyweni kokugcina, kwavulwa isikhathi esisha somlando, okubaluleke kakhulu.

Ukuguqulwa kwamaphesenti kwakubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni nasekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwane bama-capitalist eRussia. Phakathi kwemiphumela emihle ingabonakala kanje:

• Ngemva kokukhululwa kwabahlali, kwakukhona umthamo omkhulu ekukhuleni kwemakethe yamandla angasebenzi angasebenzi.

• Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwemboni kanye nokuhweba kwezolimo kwakungenxa yokunikezwa kwamalungelo e-serfs emiphakathini kanye nempahla kuma-serfs wangaphambili. Amalungelo omhlaba wabantu abahlonishwayo ezweni avuliwe, futhi kwaba khona ukuhweba izakhiwo zomhlaba.

• Ukuguqulwa kuka-1861 kwaba insindiso ekudlukeni kwezimali kwabanikazi bezindlu, njengoba umbuso uthatha izikweletu ezinkulu ezikhokhwayo zokukhokha imali .

• Ukuqedwa kwe-serfdom kwaba yinto ebalulekile ekudaleni umthethosisekelo oklanyelwe ukunikeza abantu inkululeko, amalungelo kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo. Lokhu kwaba umgomo oyinhloko endleleni eya ekuguqulweni kusuka ebukhosini obuphelele kuya komthethosisekelo, okungukuthi, ekubuseni komthetho, lapho izakhamizi zihlala khona ngokuvumelana nemithetho esebenzayo, futhi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuvikela umuntu siqu.

• Ukwakhiwa okusebenzayo kwamafektri amasha nezitshalo kwaholela ekwenzeni ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kuqale ukuthuthukisa.

I-post-reform period yahlukaniswa nokuqiniswa kwesimo samabhunkula kanye nokuwa kwezomnotho kwabahloniphekile, okwakusabusa umbuso futhi wabamba amandla ngokuqinile, okwenza kube lula ukushintshela ngendlela yokuphathwa kwe-capitalist.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuvela kwe-proletariat njengeklasi elihlukile kuphawulwe. Ukuqedwa kwe-serfdom eRussia kwalandelwa u-Zemstvo (1864), idolobha (1870), inkantolo (1864), izinguquko zempi (1874), ezazuzisa umfelandawonye. Inhloso yalezi zinguquko zomthetho kwakuwukuhumusha uhlelo nokuphathwa kwezokuphatha eRussia ukuba kube ngolwazi lwezomthetho nezakhiwo ezintsha zentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, lapho izigidi zabantu abakhululekile befuna ukuthola ilungelo lokubizwa ngokuthi abantu.