Izinkokhelo lokukhulula

Redemption izinkokhelo - operation uhulumeni ungenelwe uMbuso Russian ngokuqondene ekunqanyulweni ka serfdom. Injongo eyinhloko kuba ukuhambisa isabelo ezweni nobunikazi ongumlimi. Ngaphambi ekuqaleni abantu kabusha, futhi kuzoba nenkululeko siqu, kukhokhelwe ukusetshenziswa izigodi lawela futhi barshchina okubafaneleyo. Abantu bangaleso sikhathi "abalimi sibophekile okwesikhashana".

izinkokhelo Redemption lingasetshenziswa lapho kubhekiselwe kungakhathaliseki izifiso zomninindawo. Nokho, yonke lemali, futhi leyo mali yabalelwa ngesisekelo izinhlinzeko zoMthetho wamaZinga izihloko, umlinyana kwakudingeka babekezelele egcwele. It enikeziwe yokuhlengwa loan. Kodwa kwathatha indawo kuphela ukuthola izwe, futhi emkhakheni izindlu emazweni Settlement. Isiphetho Okwenziwayo kuhilela ekunqanyulweni kwe ubudlelwane ezweni ayimpoqo phakathi umninindlu abancane kanye nabalimi abancane.

Okwenziwayo wokuhlengwa empeleni Kusolwa njengoba umthetho, isivumelwano yokuzithandela mutual. Kanye lokhu, umninindlu kungadinga ayimpoqo lo msebenzi. Nokho, kulesi simo, izinkokhelo wokuhlengwa abangu ibalwa loan, kanti umninindlu ilahlekelwe ilungelo lelo holo ezengeziwe. amanani engeziwe bathembele ngokuphelele isivumelwano esiphakathi umninindlu kanye nabalimi abancane, kule ndaba, izibalo ezinembile ngale ndaba azikho. Nokho, Kuyaziwa ukuthi ubukhulu isamba esengeziwe elilingana amabili kuya amabili nanhlanu angu loans.

Redemption izinkokhelo babephethe ongumlimi uhlobo enzima kunazo zentela eqondile. Izinzuzo sincike okubafaneleyo ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi. Nokho, izinkokhelo wokuhlengwa wawuthe esingaphansi ukuyeka-iqashwe.

Esikhathini non-black umhlaba izifundazwe, lapho ukudoba ngaphezulu yasungulwa, inani izwe lalingaphansi ongalingani kuya abahola kancane futhi namanani omhlaba. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, umninindlu usimisile izwe lakhe ukuthenga izibalo eziqondile kwezomnotho. Futhi ngisho noma walahlekelwa inkokhelo eyengeziwe, eqinisweni, ithengiswe ezweni ngenani siphezulu kunamanye inani layo langempela. Ngakho, ngo-1877 kube unyaka wesishiyagalolunye ngenombolo yemisebenzi ngesicelo umnikazi cishe amabili izikhathi ephakeme kunaleyo ngenombolo yemisebenzi kwesivumelwano mutual.

YoMthetho wokuhlengwa ekuqaleni nezinye izinhlobo buyiselo ukuthi ukhule. Ngokusho isihloko (Article 165), kungenzeka ukuba wenze wokuhlengwa izinkokhelo kufunwe ukwaba umhlaba ezifanele ngokushesha. Leli zwe laba impahla yangasese a ongumlimi. Lesi sihloko kancane lanyakazisa uhlobo umphakathi umhlaba. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 anda kakhulu isihlengo eziyikhulu sihloko ayisithupha nanhlanu. Ngakho, kuze kube 1882, unyaka wayiswa ubunikazi umlinyana mayelana 47.735 iziza, futhi ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu leli nani lase likhule laba ngu-101 413 Holdings. Ngakho, eyathengwa emuva onyakeni 1887-th, ezingaphezu kuka umhlaba kabili futhi iziza ngaphambi kwalokho engamashumi amabili.

Kube oda ocacile, owawuthi kokuhlaziywa kwenziwa ukunquma izinkokhelo ukukhulula, sokubolekwayo. Kwakukhona okubafaneleyo yonyaka. It wamiswa ngo bayiphethe phakade ongumlimi isabelo. Nezintela ukuthi wathola umninindlu. Yeka-lifakwa amaphesenti ayisithupha. Kusukela imali ebalwe dolobha amaphesenti ayisishiyagalombili (uma yokufuna umlimi umnyuziki ukubeka), noma ayisikhombisa nanhlanu (uma umlimi atholwe ingxenye encishisiwe) inikezwe umnikazi.

amaphesenti ayisithupha ukukhokhelwa yonyaka isigamu amaphesenti wanikwa uhulumeni ukuba nezindleko lenhlangano nokuziphatha kokuhlinzwa, asele emihlanu nengxenye per cent waya akhokhe inzalo izibambiso ezikhishwa umninindlu, kanye sokukhokhwa kwesikweletu.

Ukuqedwa lokuhlengwa izinkokhelo iphutha ngo-1907, nakuba kwakuhlelwe ngo-1932. ekunqanyulweni Sakudala imisebenzi kwakubangelwa kuqale le Stolypin nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo, kanye nethonya yezindaba zemihla 1905.