Impucuko yilokhu? Izici, izici, ukuthuthukiswa impucuko. Umlando impucuko isiRashiya, entshonalanga, empumalanga, yesimanje. IMIPHAKATHI emhlabeni

Yonke inkathi yokuba khona komuntu, ngemva laphuma kusungulwa, washiya kuhle nesithukuthezi ngesikhathi womhume, zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezithile, ngamunye okuzoba umphakathi eside ekhona yamazwe nabantu bahlanganiswe ezivamile kwesimo setenhlalo, emasiko izici kwezomnotho. Okunjalo eceleni zithathwe isikhathi zomlando eyaziwa ngokuthi impucuko futhi uzalela kuye izici wedwa okuhambisana nazo.

Impucuko njengendlela jikelele intuthuko zomlando

Ngo izimfundiso abameleli lesichubekako kakhulu kulelo khulu leminyaka XIX ubuswa imfundiso yokuziphendukela jikelele intuthuko zomlando. Akukona acabangele ngabanye izici imiphakathi ngabanye, izici eziphathelene uhlanga lwabo, imvelo, isimo sezulu, inkolo kanye nezinye izinto. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi sonke isintu ebandakanyeke olulodwa ukuphokophela phambili. Umlando Civilizations amaqembu zayo ngazinye, cishe egqwalile ubala.

Nokho, ekupheleni naleli themba zomlando ekhulwini esenyukele ukwehla, wakhala ukungabaza mayelana ngokoqobo jikelele intuthuko zomlando. Wavela, futhi wathola inqwaba yabalandeli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela ngokuxhumanisa ukuthuthukiswa amaqembu abantu athize kanye izici ezindawo yezindawo lapho ahlala kanye nezinga lithathelwe kubo, kanye imibono engokwenkolo asenesikhathi linqoba, amasiko, amasiko kanye nokunye. Umqondo "impucuko 'useye waba nomuzwa zanamuhla.

okusho

It yethulwa ngo ukusetshenziswa ongqondongqondo enjalo kwekhulu XVIII, njengoba uVoltaire, AR Turgot futhi A. Ferguson. Igama elithi livela Latin "Civilis", okusho ukuthi "uhulumeni zomsebenzi." Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi-ke shi a ethé ukuhluka kancane, umuzwa ewumngcingo ezingaphezu kuka manje. Lonke umlando lwesintu, iphuma esiteji savagery futhi ubuqaba ngaphandle division zibe izigaba ahlukene, eyabizwa ngokuthi Civilization.

Kuyini impucuko ukuqonda kwabantu yesimanje, ivezwe kahle yisazi-mlando English sezokuhlalisana kwabantu u-Arnold Toynbee. Wafanisa it eziphilayo, bakwazi ngokuqhubekayo ukukhiqiza kabusha futhi sidlule indlela kusukela ekuzalweni kuze kube sekufeni, breaking izigaba lokuzalwa, ukukhula, ukuchuma, ukwehla kanye nokufa.

Entsha yokusondela ukuqonda igama elithi ubudala

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, impucuko yesimanje isithuthuke kuye kwabhekwa njengento umphumela ukuthuthukiswa izinhlangano zayo ngazinye wendawo. Esikhathini Ngenxa ososayensi babe izici of izinhlelo isimo sabo senhlalo, izici zabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezithile, kanye nokuxhumana yabo umongo umlando wezwe.

Isigaba yentuthuko impucuko kuvamile kubo bonke abantu ngothi lwabo, kodwa kwenzeka yonke indawo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Speeding noma okwehlisa ijubane kwawo kuxhomeke kulokho inqwaba yezizathu, phakathi okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kukhona impi, izinhlekelele zemvelo, izifo, nokunye. Isici esivamile se-ukuvela impucuko, isiqalo yabo iphuzu ubhekwa ukwedlulela abantu basendulo nokuzingela nokudoba, okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa umkhiqizo osuphelile, yokwenziwa kwayo, okungukuthi ezolimo kanye nemfuyo.

izigaba Okwalandela yentuthuko umphakathi

Isigaba sesibili, okubandakanya umlando imiphakathi, libhekene ukuvela zobumba kanye nekubhala amafomu kweva futhi ngokuvamile lasekuqaleni. Bobabili ikhombisa intuthuko esebenzayo, esibandakanya umphakathi othize. Esigabeni esilandelayo, okuyisona impucuko emhlabeni sekuba emzini isiko futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuqhubeka kakhulu ngokubhala. Kususelwa indlela okusheshayo kwaba ukuthuthukiswa yalezi nezinye izinto zingahlukaniswa zibe abantu oluseqophelweni emuva.

Ngakho, konke okungenhla inikeza umqondo walokho impucuko okungukuthi intuthuko esiyingqophamlando, futhi iziphi izici zako ezisemqoka. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi emhlabeni yesayensi akukho iphuzu elilodwa kule ndaba, njengoba zonke usosayensi kwenza siqu, izici zayo zomuntu siqu kahle. Ngisho empikiswaneni sokuhlukanisa impucuko ku yezolimo, zezimboni, futhi uqondiswe yile indawo yabo mayelana nendawo kanye izici emnothweni, kukhona timvo letehlukene.

Ukuvela yamandulo

Omunye nezindaba enzima umzamo ukusungula kwezikhathi lokuzalwa yezimpucuko zokuqala eyaziwa isayensi. Kukholakala ukuthi babengabokuqala lizisho yase-Aramu Naharayimi, eyabonakala esigodini laseTigrisi ne-Ewufrathe, eminyakeni ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ezedlule. efanayo Isikhathi komlando ukuvela ngempucuko yasendulo baseGibhithe. Ngandlela-thile kamuva, izici impucuko wathatha abantu abahlala eNdiya, futhi eminyakeni engaba yinkulungwane ngemva kwesikhathi, wafika eChina. Ukuqhubeka komlando abantu abahlala kuleyo nkathi emazweni aseBalkan, wanika Umfutho ukuvela kwezindaba uthi yamaGreki asendulo.

Zonke yamandulo zomhlaba eyaphakama nezigodi emifuleni emikhulu efana iTigrisi, u-Ewufrathe, Nile, i-Indus, iGanges, umfula iYangtze, nokunye. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu "umfula" futhi ngezindlela eziningi ukubukeka kwabo kwakubangelwa isidingo ukudala multiple ngenkasa izinhlelo ezindaweni kutshalwa. Isici esibalulekile isimo sezulu. Njengomthetho, kwaphakama uthi kuqala izingxenye ezishisayo nezithokomele.

Ngokufanayo, ukuthuthukiswa impucuko iphutha ezindaweni ezisogwini. Iphinde ngokuthi le nhlangano imisebenzi ahlangene inqwaba abantu, impumelelo navigation nomthelela yekusungulwa kwebudlelwane kwamasiko kanye zokuhwebelana namanye izizwe nezinhlanga. Waqala lokushintshisana kwezamasiko, okuyinto wadlala indima enkulu ezifana ekuthuthukiseni izwe lonke akaphelelwa ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo namuhla.

Umzabalazo yomuntu ngokuphambene nemvelo

impucuko enkulu lasendulo emhlabeni sokuba kuyimpi engapheli ngezinhlekelele zemvelo kanye nobunzima kubangelwa nesimo sendawo. Njengoba umlando ubonisa, abantu musa njalo baphume elinqobile. Kunezibonelo nolokubhujiswa abantu wonke, owazithela izakhi ayaluzayo. Engingakusho nje kokukhumbula impucuko Mycenaean wangcwatshwa ngaphansi umlotha intabamlilo, kanye Atlantis ziyaphawuleka, ngokoqobo ngizama ukubakhumbuza ososayensi abaningi abavelele.

izinhlobo IMIPHAKATHI

Typology impucuko, okungukuthi division yabo ku zinhlobo, wenziwa, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni okushiwo umqondo uqobo. Nokho, emhlabeni yesayensi kuvezwa amazwi anjengokuthi umfula, ulwandle kanye entabeni impucuko. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokulandelana, Ancient Egypt, iFenike futhi inani uthi Oku-Columbian Melika. Futhi eqenjini ehlukile sikhuthazele impucuko Continental, okuyinto yena, zihlukaniswe abayimizulane kanye umzimba. Lezi yizinto ezimbalwa nje izigaba eziyinhloko we typology. Empeleni, ngamunye wale izinhlobo has kwehlukana abaningi.

izigaba zomlando yentuthuko imiphakathi

Umlando impucuko imibukiso eladabuka balala isikhathi yentuthuko, ngokuvamile obuhambisana nokuthanda izimpi ukunqoba ngenxa okuyinto, Isimanga siwukuthi, ngcono ukuphathwa kohlelo kanye nesakhiwo somphakathi, afinyelele izimbali zabo nokuvuthwa. Lesi sigaba igcwele ingozi kokubuka ezithile yokuthi, njengoba umthetho, qualitative ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha usuthathelwa ekulondolozweni izikhundla ayenqotshiwe, okuyinto nakanjani kuholela yokujama tsi.

Hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi ezalethwa umphakathi. Ngokuvamile, kuthatha isimo ezifana iphuzu esiphezulu ukuthuthukiswa yayo. In practice, lokhu liphenduka crisis kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho, phetho lapho zikhona inhlokomo yangaphakathi kanye inter-state Ukungqubuzana. Njengoba umthetho, yokujama tsi ingena phakathi ezindaweni ezifana imibono yabantu, isiko, umnotho kanye inkolo.

Ekugcineni, umphumela uba yokujama tsi, ukubhujiswa impucuko futhi ukubhujiswa kwalo. Kulesi sigaba, kukhona exacerbation izingxabano kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe, isakhiwo amandla kuyadamba has nemiphumela eyinhlekelele. Ezimweni ezingavamile, wonke amadoda impucuko lidlule lendlela olunameva.

Ukukhethwa kungenzeka kuphela labo ngabantu nezizwe ukuthi kuye kwanyamalala ebusweni Zomhlaba ngenxa luyingxenye zangaphandle, hhayi izizathu ezingaphezu kwamandla abo. Ngokwesibonelo, ayehlasela Hyksos wabhubhisa eGibhithe lasendulo, futhi conquistadors Spanish abuqede United zaseMesoamerica. Nokho, ngisho nakulezi zimo, siqhuba ngo-ejulile analysis kungatholakala izigaba yokugcina yokuphila elahlekile impucuko izimpawu ezifanayo yokujama tsi futhi ibole.

Inzuzo impucuko futhi umjikelezo yabo yokuphila

ngifuna ngokucophelela ngesikhathi emlandweni wesintu, kumele kwazeke ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho kufa impucuko imayelana nani ukubhujiswa kwabantu namasiko abo. Ngezinye izikhathi kukhona inqubo lapho ukubola impucuko kungenye nucleation. Isibonelo okuphawuleka kakhulu impucuko ngesiGreki wakhala LamaRoma, futhi wathathelwa indawo impucuko yesimanje yeYurophu. Lokhu kukunika ngezizathu ukukhuluma mayelana nekhono impucuko sokuphila okuphindaphindiwe ukuzicabanga njengamanje. Lesi sici kubalulekile ngesisekelo intuthuko eqhubekayo lwesintu futhi unikeza ithemba kuya irreversibility yenqubo.

Kufinyeta incazelo izigaba ukuthuthukiswa kwabantu nezizwe, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izinkathi ukudlula olungaphezulu yonke imiphakathi. Iyiphi inkambo wemvelo yomlando, isibonelo, bebhekene nezinhlekelele zemvelo, kule ngokuphazima kweso Ungashintsha busebenze? Engingakusho nje kokukhumbula Minoan impucuko ngesikhathi ibambene esigabeni nokubhujiswa intaba-mlilo yase-Santorini.

ifomu Eastern impucuko

Kubalulekile ukucabangela iqiniso lokuthi izimfanelo impucuko ngokuvamile kuxhomeke indawo yayo ezindawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubaluleka okukhulu sinezici kazwelonke zabantu ezakha bakhona. Ngokwesibonelo, impucuko East ugcwele eliyingqayizivele, eyinqaba kuphela izici wakhe. Leli gama kuhlanganisa isimo elise hhayi kuphela e-Asia kodwa futhi e-Afrika, kanye Pacific enkulukazi.

impucuko Eastern e isakhiwo salo heterogeneous. It kungenziwa ihlukaniswe eMpumalanga Ephakathi, Muslim, South Asian futhi Indo-China-Far East. Naphezu izici ngamunye wabo, benza eziningi izici ezivamile ukunikeza izizathu ukukhuluma mayelana imodeli ohlangene umphakathi empumalanga.

Kulokhu, lo ezivamile abanjalo izici abavelele unamandla angenamkhawulo elite bureaucratic hhayi kuphela ongumlimi nemiphakathi uthobela yayo, kodwa futhi ku izinkampani ezizimele: phakathi kwabo izingcweti zababolekisa ngemali futhi abathengisi ahlukahlukene. umbusi ophakeme amandla isimo kubhekwa enikezwa nguNkulunkulu futhi ingcwelisiwe inkolo. Cishe kuyo yonke imiphakathi Oriental has lezi zici.

imodeli Western emphakathini

Isithombe ehluke ngokuphelele kuyinto ezwekazini laseYurophu futhi Melika. Western impucuko okungukuthi, okokuqala kunakho konke, nokwenziwa umkhiqizo, ukucubungula tingucuko impumelelo ayengaphansi, wehlile emlandweni. Arsenal yayo inkanuko zenkolo lathathwa amaJuda ngofuzo ngesiGreki ububanzi zefilosofi ngezinga eliphezulu yenhlangano isimo, esekelwe komthetho wamaRoma.

Konke impucuko yesimanje Western lusekelwe ifilosofi ubuKristu. Kulesi sisekelo, kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi, bakha engokomoyeni lomuntu, okwaphumela ifomu, ngokuthi zobuntu yayo eliphakeme. Libuye libe neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko eWestern emhlabeni kuyinto isayensi ukuthi ushintshe yonke inkambo yokuhle emlandweni wezwe, kanye nokuqaliswa nezikhungo wenkululeko zezombusazwe.

impucuko yaseNtshonalanga kuyinto rationality esingokwemvelo, kodwa, ngokungafani kuya izindlela empumalanga yokucabanga, it libhekene ukulandelana ngesisekelo olwakhiwa Tibalo kanye nebudlelwane lobukhona logic esisemthethweni. Wabuye waba isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kohlaka lomthetho kahulumeni. Isimiso wayo lomkhulu lapho ukubusa amalungelo muntu phezu izithakazelo collective umphakathi. Kuwo wonke umlando womhlaba kwakukhona ngxabano impucuko isampula esempumalanga nengxenye esentshonalanga.

Lo mkhuba impucuko Russian

Lapho ekhulwini XIX emazweni uhlalwe abantu Slavic, umqondo ubunye ngesisekelo umphakathi yobuhlanga namalimi wemiphakathi, igama elithi 'impucuko Russian'. ukuthandwa Omkhulu wajabulela phakathi Slavophiles. Lo mqondo ligxile izici yasekuqaleni isiko Russian kanye nomlando, ke ugcizelela umehluko zabo kusukela Emasikweni eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga, uye elibekwe kazwelonke umsuka engela yayo.

Omunye theoreticians impucuko Russian Wayeyisazimlando owaziwa futhi isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu XIX leminyaka NY Danilevsky. Emibhalweni yakhe, ebikezela eWest isidlulile, ngokombono wakhe, lo apogee sokuthuthuka, eduze kwelanga kanye nokufa. Russia, emehlweni akhe, kwaba obapha intuthuko, nokuthi it fanele kuze esizayo. Ngaphansi umyalo wakhe zonke izizwe Slavic kwakufanele beze ekuchumeni kwezamasiko nakwezomnotho.

Phakathi abanegama kwezincwadi Russian nempucuko kwadingeka abasekeli bayo oshisekayo. Engingakusho nje kokukhumbula FM Dostoevsky nge umqondo wakhe 'wokunikeza-Nkulunkulu kubantu "kanye nokuphikiswa yoqondayo Orthodox ubuKristu Western abona ukufika Umphikukristu. Futhi ungathintana angeke sehluleke ingasaphathwa LN UTolstoy futhi umqondo wakhe umphakathi ongumlimi abo, bethembele ngokugcwele isiko Russian.

Kuyo yonke le minyaka yini abohle izingxabano ngendlela impucuko iphathelene Russia, nge ubunikazi bayo ahlukile. Abanye baveza ukuthi ungumuntu nje okwakhe zangaphandle, futhi ekujuleni kwalo siwukubonakaliswa izinqubo global. Abanye njalo efuna okwakhe yayo, ukugcizelela imvelaphi Eastern, futhi sikubheka njengempahla ukubonakaliswa umphakathi East Slavic. Russophobes futhi uphike ubunjalo umlando Russian.

Indawo ekhethekile emlandweni wezwe

Ukushiya eceleni ingxoxo, ake wazi mlando abaningi ovelele, zefilosofi, izazi zemfundiso yenkolo futhi abaholi benkolo kokubili isikhathi sethu futhi eminyakeni edlule, impucuko Russian isusiwe endaweni ngokuphelele ezithile, sikhethe isigaba ekhethekile. Phakathi kwalabo lokuqala kugcizelelwe ohlukile izindlela wezwe lakhe emlandweni wonke ayebheke ezifana nosaziwayo njengoba Ivan Aksakov, FI Tiutchev, A. Khomyakov, Ivan kireev, nabanye abaningi.

Ngokuphathelene nale ndaba, isikhundla okuthiwa Eurasians. Lokhu isiqondiso zefilosofi zezombusazwe weza eko kwekhulu elidlule. Ngokusho kwabo, impucuko Russian inhlanganisela yezici European nase-Asia. Kodwa Russia synthesize kubo, kuphenduke into ehlukile. Kuyo bathi musa wehlele isethi lelula kwemali. Kuphela ngendlela Ukudidiyela isimiso esinjalo, uthi Eurasians, futhi kungenziwa kubhekwe indlela zomlando wezwe lakithi.

intuthuko zomlando nempucuko

Yini ngokukhethekile kuthathwe impucuko umongo zomlando elenza yakha? Ngokusekelwe yokuthi asikwazi ukuba isebenze isikhathi nendawo, isidingo Ucwaningo olunzulu, okokuqala kunakho konke, ukwenza kungenzeka isithombe ngokugcwele kwesikhathi zomlando ukhona. Nokho, umlando akuyona into emile, fixed nokushintsha kuphela izikhathi ezithile. Nanguya njalo kunyakaza. Ngakho-ke, kokucabangela yezimpucuko wezwe anjengomfula - at ukufana wabuka zabo zangaphandle njalo entsha futhi zonke mzuzu egcwele okuqukethwe okuhlukile. Kungaba esigcwele ogelezayo, bethwele amanzi awo izinkulungwane eziningi zeminyaka, futhi kungaba obmelet futhi nyamalala Umoya-mpilo omncane.