Mahhala abalimi - isigaba esikhethekile eRussia

Russia e yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kwadingeka ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezimbili ezibaluleke ukhiye. Baye kwi-ajenda kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu futhi ukhathazekile serfdom futhi autocracy.

Izinqumo Tsar Russian

U-Alexander I uhlaziyo uchungechunge imizamo ngandlela-thile ukuxazulula umbuzo ongumlimi baba nezokusigcoba. Yiqiniso, ezihlobene ngokuyinhloko nezinqumo 1801 futhi 1803 sika. Eyokuqala yasiza abalimi Russian ziyingxenye nezinye izigodi ukuthenga ezweni lakubo, ngaleyo ndlela angagcina le ayitholwa ekhona yezikhulu ku ifa impahla. Owesibili, wehlela emlandweni ngokuthi "Isinqumo kubalimi khulula", ibiya ukunquma oda Ukukhululwa noma ushiye abalimi kanye nezwe. ngaleyo ndlela kwakamuva kwakudingeka ikhokhele lo kulendawo ukukhululwa izitolimende, kanjalo ukuthola impahla komunye kanye isabelo.

Uzokwenza kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi lo myalo zingase zisebenzise amayunithi ezimbalwa kuphela. Ngakho kule isilinganiso akazange kuthinte kakhulu ukusebenza serfdom uhlelo.

Phakathi neminyaka wokubusa kuka-Alexander Okokuqala ezihlukahlukene ongakhetha okuphakanyiswe ikhambi lokhu imibuzo kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi kodwa esiphuthumayo. Projects ukuze kukhululwe abalimi wanikela Mordvinov Arakcheyev, Guriev futhi Kankrin.

umbuzo ongumlimi

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kusukela 1801, lezi zakhamuzi zazenza, abathengisi kanye abalimi uhulumeni kwakuvunyelwe ukuthenga noma ukudayisa umhlaba lingenamuntu, isimo samanje eRussia lezwakala ngempela oluyingozi. Minyaka yonke yena phathelana ngemandla. Ngakho serf ayisasebenzi ngempumelelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu isimo abalimi sokucasuka ikhononda nge ngokwabo hhayi kuphela. Kwakumelwe unganeme abameleli kwamanye amakilasi. Nokho yokuqeda serfdom , uhulumeni tsarist nokho akazange alinge: kwamadoda asebukhosini, ifa lokuba nelungelo, kubhekwe ukusekelwa main kombusi, sebekubeke awavumelani nokubekelwa ushintsho olukhulu kangaka. Ngakho-ke, le nkosi, kwakudingeka ukuba ahlehle, umuntu elawula phakathi kwesifiso elite kanye nezidingo zomnotho.

Unyaka 1803: "Isinqumo ku kubalimi khulula"

Wayesebenza kahle ukubaluleka kubaluleke kakhulu ngemibono ku-Russia. Phela, ungowokuqala emlandweni sivunyiwe ngu ithuba khulula abalimi, kanye phansi beziphindiselela isihlengo. Lesi sikhundla kwaba ingxenye eyinhloko izinguquko 1861 konyaka okwalandela. Lamukela Umbono Ka-wamashumi amabili ka-February 1803 "Isinqumo kubalimi khulula" ithuba lokuba abalimi ukukhulula bengabantu ngabanye wonke amadolobhana, futhi saziso umhlaba isabelo. Ukuze intando yabo, kwakudingeka ukuba kube sihlengo noma enze imisebenzi. Uma abalimi izibopho kungukuthi behlangana, bakwazi babebuyela zomninindawo. Class ukuthi etholakale ngeke yalokho okuthiwa khulula. Nokho, umlando indlela ezafika kubalimi khulula. Kusukela 1848, Bacela abalimi isimo. Futhi baye ube amandla main ashukumisa ukuthuthukiswa ezivulekile izinsiza yeSiberia.

Ukuqaliswa kwalesi simemezelo zokuphila

Maphakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye ngesisekelo mthetho sebededeliwe cishe izinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu abalimi-amadoda. Kulokhu, izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi imiphumela "Isinqumo kubalimi khulula" owawusebenza eRussia iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu, ayemancane kakhulu.

Ingabe ngibanjwe isigaba esikhethekile, "abalimi khulula" manje wathola futhi ayikwazanga bachithe elizweni lakibo. Bengasakwazi ukuthwala izibopho kuphela ukuze kuzuze isimo Russian. Nokho, ngokusho izibalo, kuzo zonke wokubusa Alexander osenyameni yabo lidlule esingaphansi kwesigamu amaphesenti inani eliphelele serfs.

Ngokwesibonelo, kusukela ngo-1804 kuya ku-1805 esifundeni Baltic abalimi dvorohozyaevam Nokho anikezwe inkululeko nganoma iyiphi siqu, kodwa wabalungiselela wesakhiwo of izigodi lawela, kwadingeka siqhubeke sithela wecala: futhi serfdom nezintela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalimi khulula babhekana nokuqasha.

izimfanelo

Ngaphezu izizathu ngenhla, Omunye umagazini we "Isinqumo kubalimi khulula" kwaba umcimbi ngempela ethize. Bala Sergei Rumyantsev, owaziwa ngokuba imibono yakhe olukhulu, waveza isifiso sakhe ukukhulula ezinye serfs zabo, kanye nendawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wabeka phambili ngombandela wokuthi abalimi kwadingeka bakhokhele ukulala amasayithi abo. Kuyinto nge Ukubala ezifana isicelo Rumyantsev ukuvusela kombusi, ukuthi amvumele ukuba bagunyaze kuthengiselana.

Icala baba imfuneko Alexander ekhishwe Isinqumo elidumile, ngemva kwalokho eRussia futhi babe abalimi khulula.

isimemezelo izinto

Umthetho amaphuzu ayishumi Kuye kwenziwa, owawuthi:

1. Umnikazi wepulazi ungase enfranchise abalimi zabo ezweni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kudingeka ukuthi enze mathupha ukuxoxisana inqaba yalo ngemibandela lokuhlengwa nelokuphila izibopho okucatshangelwayo.
2. Ukuzibophelela okuphambili emhlabeni lapho ukuhlela, isandla, yakhipha.
3. Uma umfuyi engenaso nizenze, yena nomkhaya wakhe kwadingeka abuyele emhlabeni maqondana umninindlu.
4. serfs Wakhululwa kwakufanele abizwe khulula.
5. abalimi Mahhala Unelungelo ukuhambisa ekilasini ezahlukene: ukuba abe ababazi noma abahwebi, njll ...
6. Indlela omnene futhi abalimi isimo ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba sikhokhe intela isimo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakudingeka enze kunenkonzo yezempi ephoqelelwe.
7. Ijaji abalimi sifanele esikhungweni efanayo abalimi isimo.
8. serfs Omnene abaye wagcwalisa nezibopho zabo kulendawo, ngokukhululekile bachithe izwe labo Holdings. Babekwazi nokusho ukuhambisa ukuphila kwezinye izifundazwe, kusenesikhathi ukuba Exchequer.
9. abalimi Mahhala wathola isimo esifanele.
10. Uma umlimi ezweni, noma sabekwa ke ngesicelo ngayo umniniso wasekuqaleni wathatha phezu izikweletu kusukela imvume ayemkweleta.

Mangisho ukuthi umninindlu abakwazi ukusizakala ukuthola ilungelo, ngakho esinqumweni kwadingeka kuphela sokweluleka ngokwemvelo futhi akuyona impoqo.