Sobibor umlando ekamu lokuhlushwa. Escape iziboshwa ezivela Sobibor ekamu lokuhlushwa

Elidumile ekamu lokuhlushwa lamaNazi Sobibor yaba indawo yezimpi ekubulaleni abantu abaningi kumaJuda. Ukuze ukubulala asebenzisa isisi esikhalisa emakamelweni. Ngo-1943 kwaba khona ukuvukela ku Sobibor ekamu ukufa, ngemva kwalokho-ke ivaliwe ukuthi nya iziphathimandla undlovukayiphikiswa waseJalimane.

Sobibor ukwakhiwa

Entwasahlobo ka-1942 endaweni elalihlala Third Reich ePoland saqala "Operation Reinhard". Yasungulelwa kuqothulwe mass lamaJuda kanye labantu Roma. Kuze kube yimanje, abambalwa ezakhiwa amakamu okufa, kuhlanganise ekamu lokuhlushwa Sobibor. Wathola igama endaweni yangakubo, eduze Lublin. Yezefundo esebenza kancane isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, 250,000 amaJuda nawo ayebulawa ngaphakathi kwezindonga zawo. umkhankaso wabo kohlanga ngephutha wagxila insimu yase-Poland. Kuleli zwe, ngobusuku bangaphambi neMpi Yezwe II, kwakunoFakazi abacishe babe ngu-3 ayisigidi.

Ekamu lokuhlushwa Sobibor kuyinto isikwele whose banzi kwaba-600 ukuphakama, futhi ubude - ayi-400. Along azungezwe we kocingo oluphakeme ngocingo oluhlabayo lakhiwa-ke, embozwe ngokucophelela nge emagatsheni ezihlahla. Izindonga kuthiwa olusithekile abakhileyo emaphandleni aseduze ngezinto ezishaqisayo ezaba kwakwenzeka khona ngomyalo wabaholi neziphathimandla iJalimane lamaNazi.

ingqalasizinda

ekamu lokuhlushwa Sobibor Ngokudabukisayo eyaziwa wama phandle Umelene zasemuva zezinye izinhlangano ezifanayo. Yasungulelwa ngokunembile ngokuphathelene nokubhujiswa ngokomzimba iziboshwa. Iningi emakamu ukuphumula bexhashazwa iziboshwa njengoba khulula angisebenzi elisetshenziswa izimo akunabuntu ngempilo kanye nomsebenzi.

Injongo, eyayintula lokuhlushwa ekamu Sobibor, futhi wathonya isakhiwo yayo. It lahlukaniswa laba amabutho amathathu. Kokunye kwaba ekuphathweni isiJalimane, iziboshwa wesibili wathola kahle yakhelwe eyesithathu kwakudingeka ukubhujiswa iziboshwa abasanda kufika. Insimbi main ngokumiswa yamaJuda kule ekamu zazingezinhle esinobuthi. Babheka efana izihlambi, owawukwazi ukuthwala abantu 170. Cishe amakhamera efakiwe ithangi izinjini ezazihlanganisa ukuhlukanisa monoxide carbon engena egumbini ngokusebenzisa amapayipi ekhethekile. Cishe wonke amaJuda kwakwenziwa imihlatshelo ngale ndlela ngosuku lokuqala ngemva kokufika kwakhe. Babika ukuthi zazifike ekamu elisendleleni, futhi manje baba khona elinde emgwaqweni ukuze umsebenzi. Ngaphambi kokuhamba uhambo olude efika kwadingeka ngamunye ushawa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphathi wekamu bangiphuca izingubo magciwane ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwezifo futhi kubhubhane.

Sonderkommando

Amadoda nabesifazane ngokwahlukana, futhi iqembu ngalinye kwaba ekamelweni layo. Lezi ziboshwa abaphundlwe futhi ziphoqelelwa ukuba zibe ubucwebe ezibalulekile. Izingane bathunyelwa nalaba besifazane. ekhethekile Sonderkommando zadalwa lokufeza le misebenzi. Bakhandwa eqoqwe kusukela iziboshwa eqinile kakhulu futhi unempilo. Sonderkommando awazange waxwayisa lapho babelibangise khona. Babefanele ukuthumela abantu esinobuthi. Yiqiniso, noma ubani bangabaza, kuyilapho abanye inkani, ngakho ekuphathweni ngokuvamile yakhetha izinsongo nobudlova. La mandla ekhethekile zadalwa ngenxa yokuthi ezivamile SS officer, sazi ukuthi ukwenze, nje wayengasenakukwazi ukubekezelela umsebenzi wabo nangokwengqondo waphula. I Sonderkommando ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo babe kaningi ukuzibulala.

ekamu lokuhlushwa Sobibor amaNazi (njenge Treblinka futhi Belzec) badalelwa kumaJuda, futhi babe ngesihluku ikakhulukazi. Ngemva ngesisi waqoqa abantu ngokwanele kwatywinwa ishumi. Isikhala fed-carbon monoxide, imizuzu nangemva 20 wayengekho ngaphakathi noma yimuphi umuntu ophilayo. inqubo obuphelele kusukela ukufika ku ukubhuqwa kazithathanga ezingaphezu kwezingu-3 amahora. Ikamu wasebenza bededelana, cishe ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Lapho wavulwa ekamelweni, abahlanganyeli Sonderkommando kwadingeka asuse izinto imitimba ongazihlwitha yabo namazinyo igolide. Yonke into yayenziwa ngendlela ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka, ngoba ngemva kokuba umuntu Isitimela kubaJuda babefikile entsha. isidumbu esishile kamuva.

ukuphila ekamu

AmaJuda waqala ukubulala okuhlushwa ngisho nangaphambi ekugcineni kwakhiwa Sobibor. Elihambayo nokufa egijima at zigcwele ngo-May 1942. AmaJuda ayelethwa lapho esuka nemizi eseduze Polish, eCzechoslovakia, Austria naseJalimane. Ngo-July, lo jantshi lapho isitimela wafika ekamu lokuhlushwa, yavalwa ukuze kulungiswe, futhi okwesikhashana kuyekile ukusebenza. Kodwa lokho lapho amaJalimane zakala ukuhlaba ikhefu ukuze kwakhiwe esinobuthi eziningana, owazihlanganisa Arsenal nenqaba kohlanga (Sobibor). Ukuphila nokufa ekamu babelala kamuva bodokotela ubufakazi kwabasebenzi neziboshwa labaleka. Ezinye izinkomba ziye zasetshenziswa le eNuremberg nokulingwa.

Ekwindla ka-1942 ekamu futhi bagijima izitimela. Ukufika Iningi zaqala ukutheleka waseMpumalanga Galicia kanye Lublin (izinkulungwane zabantu 200). Kwakukhona okuningi amaJuda waseHolland. Esaba Ngayo izisulu yakamuva iziboshwa Sobibor ka ghetto and Lithuanian futhi Belarusian. Kwafika amaJuda kwadingeka ukuba babhalele imindeni yabo ukuthi befinyelele ngokuphepha ekamu okufukuzwa kulo. Lokhu kwakwenziwa disinformation umphakathi. Konke okwenzeka ngayo lokho emakamu okufa, kwakuyimfihlo okwaphela isimo. Isidumbu esishile ngenhloso efanayo - ukufihla ubufakazi yobugebengu.

ukulungiselela kuvukela

Ekuqaleni kuka-1943, ezinye iziboshwa amaningi aqala ukulishiya leli ekamu ukukhonza inkonzo yabo yetemisebenti. Baqhubeka kabusha lekamu wahlala ekamu eduze esinobuthi. Esimweni esinjalo, kwakukhona iqembu daredevils abaye yanquma uhlele ukuvukela. Ekwindla ka-1943 amaJuda Sobibor ezivela ezindaweni ehlasela lamaSoviet laqala ukufika. Phakathi kwezifiki Wayengubani u-Alexander Pechersky.

Lokhu ongowokuzalwa Kremenchuk waba umholi weqembu ngomshoshaphansi. Loluhlelo lokuqala kwaba iziboshwa emayini. Ukuze wenze lokho, kwadingeka ukuba zidlule amabili cubic metres komhlaba uwafihle phansi. Ukumba kungenziwa kuphela ebusuku. Caves anikezelwe icebo lakhe neqembu elincane labantu 65. Zonke bafuna ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze ushiye Sobibor. Nokho, Lo mbhikisho ekamu ukufa, kwakudingekile ukuba ahlele e uzungu ezijulile. Mayelana izinhloso akhe aba ngababaleki watshela ngokuqapha njengoba ongakholelwa into umuntu owayeyoba zidlulile yonke iqembu CS. Kuyinto kulesigaba ehluleka iningi lawo izinhlelo kwezinye emakamu okuhlushwa.

Ngokwesibonelo, u-Alexander Pechersky, ngaphambi kokuthi ufike Sobibor, satholana ekamu zokuthutha Minsk. Sekube komzamo ukubaleka. 50 AmaJuda (eduze Ghetto) ashaqe izikhali futhi wavumelana umshayeli ukuthi ayekhona yini nokucabangela imali ngesikhathi isethi athathe kuzo ngokuthanda kwabo. Lo muntu lidlule bakhi, ngemva kwalokho nabo bahlukunyezwa nge izinja ukuvusa. iziboshwa umndondo abilisiwe ephiliswa zokugeza wendawo. Noma kunjalo, amaJuda Sobibor lucky. Iyini imfihlo yabo ngakho akekho ivulekile.

Ngobusuku obandulela yokuphunyuka

Nokho, ngokushesha yaba sobala ukuthi umbono ka-ke lihambele kule mayini kufanele uyekwe. Okokuqala, abantu abangu-65 ngokwenyama nje awunaso isikhathi ukuba basinde ngokuwela umgodi ewumngcingo obubodwa, kuze ezazigcinwe emabhalekisini abo iza nokuvikeleka. Okwesibili, noma ngabe wonke ehluleka, futhi amaNazi kwakungeke uthola lokho ebafanele. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ukuvukela iziboshwa ukusebenza emabhalekisini efanayo ivaliwe, futhi emhlabeni isakhiwo ukubeka ukuvikeleka okungeziwe.

Ekamu beqale ukudubula. I bakhi zazesaba kakade ukuthi abakuhlosile yakhishelwa. Nokho, imbangela yezinxushunxushu wayehlukile. Ngalolo suku, October 11, 1943, ikamu laba elinye nqwaba ukuzibulala. Laba bantu ngendlela ethile uthole mayelana lokho uzobe bahlangana Sobibor. ekamu lokuhlushwa, omlando wakhe kuyinto indaba okuqhubekayo ukubulawa nokuqothulwa kohlanga, ilanga lase futhi laligcwele igazi. AmaJuda ukufunda ngenjongo 'nezihlambi ", kakade abaphundlwe zihlakazeke. Isixuku enetwetwe uhlakazile Sonderkommando, kodwa kwakungekho ndawo ukuya kuye. Maximum, okungase ukufinyelela ekuhlaseleni, ngakho kukuwe odongeni ngocingo oluhlabayo. Kube bahlangana umlilo iwashi ehlelekile.

Ukubulala SS izikhulu

Ngokuthakazelisayo, bekela Sobibor kwaba eqoqwe kusukela iziboshwa zempi owavuma ukuba babe abahlanganyeli. Iningi lazo babeqeqeshwa nezinye ekamu lokuhlushwa Polish - Trawniki. Kodwa injongo eyinhloko ye ababhikishi bekungengenxa kubo, futhi ama-SS izikhulu owayehola ukuphila ekamu. Beka nokubulawa imfihlo baba workshop evumelanisa.

Okthoba 14 waba ngowokuqala wabulala Untersturmführer Berg wendawo, owafika ulinganise iyunifomu entsha. Lapho ekhathazekile izingubo zakhe, omunye bakhi washaya iphoyisa ekhanda ngembazo. Wawa waphefumula kanzima. Isidumbu ebekwe embhedeni, esehlanganise izingubo zakhe. Ngakusasa abakhulu ekamu unogada wabulala uMichael. Ngesikhathi esifanayo iqembu ezikhethiwe ka saboteurs usike izintambo zocingo.

Ngemuva zokuqala imfihlo ukubulawa ngababaleki babe ezandleni izibhamu 11 ethathwe amaNazi 6 izibhamu ukuthi yayikade yebiwa bese zifihlwe drainpipe. Arsenal Babengaphezu kwamashumi nesizotha. Ikamu isethi ngomzuzu endaweni ngizwa ikhwela. Kwakuwusuku isignali ngenxa yokuvukela. Kuxwayisiwe amaJuda akha ikholomu. Ngakho kwaqala ukuvukela uvulekile ngaso Sobibor. Mayelana kuvukela wayazi engaphansi kwengxenye iziboshwa. Konke okunye, ingxenye enkulu wahlala, ezazigcinwe emabhalekisini abo futhi zibukele ukubukela. Bamesaba ubudlova wathembela ubuqotho babo ukuze asindise ukuphila kwakhe. Ukudlula kwesikhathi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi babekhuluma iphutha.

uthuli

Lapho kukholomu izihlubuki eyakhelwe Caves bakuthumela arsenal. Uma iqembu kuye kwathonya inani elikhulu izikhali babulale wonke amaJalimane e jikelele. Nokho, mayelana arsenal babe izibhamu emplacements. umlilo esindayo ayikazeki noma iliphi ithuba elivelayo ukuze ifohle iye sikhali. Khona-ke Caves banquma ukungayisebenzisi nhlobo leyo mithi futhi ugijime kude emasangweni ekamu, okuyinto kwase kuseduze ukuba izindlu zamaphoyisa. Kwakhala, kodwa ngenxa amahora aye abulawa.

Manje ngababaleki kwadingeka siyisinqumo esinzima kunazo zonke - kudlule egqitshwe amabhomu ukuthi Bazungeza inkambi. Abavukeli ayelwela ukuba okushesha njengokungena ehlathini, lapho kwakunokwenzeka ukuba lihlakazwe kuzo zonke izindawo. Abaningi izihlahla endleleni babulawa ezimayini. Nokho abanye yakwazi ukuhamba Sobibor. Sekuyisikhathi eside ekamu lokuhlushwa, uhlu iziboshwa manje Museum kazwelonke sika-Israyeli esizinikezele Kwesizwe, kwaba ngaphansi ukulalelisisa sama-SS, nezikhonzi baqhubeka ukucinga iziboshwa zabaleka.

isitifiketi Caves

Ukuvukela kwamaJuda emakamu ukufa (Sobibor wabizwa ngokuthi ngakho) kwakunjalo kuphela Ukuphunyuka yimpumelelo labasuka amaNazi ezinjalo. Okthoba 14 Kwakukhona ezingu-550. abantu abangu-80 bashonile ngesikhathi kuzanywa ukubaleka, namaJalimane mayelana 170 babanjwa futhi babulawa phakathi usesho. Ingxenye enkulu iziboshwa zazingathandi iqhaza yokuphunyuka. Konke lokhu abantu abasale ekamu. Ayebulewe amaJalimane cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva oda Sobibor kwabuyiselwa.

Wakwazi ukuphunyuka 53 abanesibindi. Ezinye zazo, njengaye, u-Alexander Pechersky, waba nengxenye ekwakhekeni yabashokobezi amayunithi emva amaJalimane. Umholi mbuso lokuqala wavakashela eMoscow, lapho wathunyelwa kuphambene umthetho ethandwa ukuthumela umaluju eyisithunjwa iRed Army in the Battalion. Enhloko-dolobha yeSoviet Union wafakaza Caves State Commission. It ke lalinabashumayeli abalobi Veniamin Kaverin (futhi umJuda) futhi uPawulu Antokolsky. Baloba indaba Amazing we Caves. Indaba yakhe yayimangaza ukuze phambi kwakhe akekho oye wakwazi ukubalekela ekamu lokuhlushwa futhi ukusinda. Kaverin Antokolsky futhi ngokushesha kukhicite emfushane bokubeka kwavukelwa e Sobibor. Wangena Black Book - iqoqo enyatheliswa amabutho Jewish Antifascist Committee. Ngemva kwempi, inhlangano isibe into kweSoviet isimo zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. Ngakho-ke, uhlaka abalobi ababili wembhali USSR abawubonanga kuze kube yilesi sikhathi, kuze emalungelo ekucwaninga uyekwa.

Isiphetho ekamu

Ukuphunyuka eyimpumelelo iziboshwa abavela emakamu okuhlushwa njengalaba (Sobibor yayiyindawo scary ngempela) buye baphoqa iziphathimandla Third Reich ukuba aphinde acabange salo sengqondo sokungafuni kule ndawo. Emuva ekuqaleni kuka-1943, Genrih Gimmler wavakashela lapha - UNgqongqoshe kwamaNazi Wezangaphakathi yeJalimane, futhi umuntu owaba umqhubi induna sokudumisa ngemva inqubomgomo Isixazululo Final. Wanquma ekugcineni ukuze ujike ifektri sokufa ekamu lokuhlushwa evamile. Kwakukhona eziqhelelene abasebenzi okuqala angamaJuda '. Njengoba sazi, abanye iziboshwa bakwazi ukushiya Sobibor. Lo mbhikisho kwaholela ekamu ukufa Berlin ukufutheka. Kwanqunywa ukuba alibhubhise. Yonke ingqalasizinda sekuqediwe, futhi endaweni eshayisa ziphenduka ipulazi zemifino.

Ngemva kokunqotshwa eJalimane lobuNazi waya Sobibor Polish ikhomishana uhulumeni. imivubukulo Kwakuseshwa. Ongoti bathole iminonjana eziningi zobugebengu nemizimba unburnt izisulu ekamu. Namuhla endaweni yayo uyisikhumbuzo esizinikezele inkumbulo izisulu Third Reich.