Kubahlanganyeli Okwesithathu Crusade, ngenhloso

Zokholo njengoba enzeka samasosha zenkolo sekukhona phakathi nokubusa LamaRoma uPapa Gregory Seventh futhi zazithunyelwa yokukhululeka kusukela "infidels" of Palestine eJerusalema, lapho ethuneni leNkosi, futhi ekusakazekeni kobuKristu ngokusebenzisa wezempi kusho phakathi kwabezizwe, amaSulumane, izakhamuzi zithi Orthodox nokunyakaza zezihlubuki . Emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva eziMpini Zokholo babe nezimo ngokuyinhloko yobuKristu labantu aseBaltic, ukucindezelwa ukubonakaliswa zezihlubuki emazweni amaningana aseYurophu, noma ukuxazulula izinkinga siqu kulabo wahola sobukhosi Vatican.

Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange ayisishiyagalolunye nomkhankaso wempi. Ukubabela abahlanganyeli labalulekile eluLwimi Okwesithathu Crusade? Ithebula cishe kubonisa izimangalo zabo umkhankaso ngokukhethekile wasibeka kanje:

Ubani waya Zokholo?

amalungu Ojwayelekile Yenkolo Okwesithathu ukubunjwa yayo akuyona sihluke kakhulu akuxhomekile ezathatha iqhaza izenzo ezifanayo ngaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, le mashi lokuqala ubuhanjelwe izicukuthwane abaningi okukhulunywa kuzo isiFulentshi sikhathi, ubani nge retinues yabo futhi izindela eduze kanye abavamile (kwakukhona izingane abakulungele ukuya "infidels" ngenxa nesithembiso upapa ngenjongo yokuthethelelwa zonke izono) ngezindlela ezahlukene wafika eConstantinople ngo 1097 awela ngisho Bosphorus.

Crusaders ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu nengxenye omunye amamashi

Inani le-Crusaders safinyelela cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kwesigidi abantu. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, alwa wafika eJerusalema, sinqamule Ingcenye eqakathekileko yomsebenzi wehlelo labantu Muslim abahlala lapha. Khona-ke Knights nawo wonke amakamu awo, uphake izimpi kokubili amaSulumane namaGreki, baseByzantium, nabanye. Zasungula eziningana uthi Christian ekhatsi Lebanon, okuyinto zilawula uhwebo phakathi kwe-Europe, i-China ne-India, inqobo nje uma bomhlaba bube busha e-Asia avuleka ezweni udabule Eastern Russia. ukuhweba Russian ezweni, wazama ukulawula ne Crusaders, ngakho abasekeli ukunyakaza samasosha zenkolo yinde kunazo walondoloza emazweni aseBaltic.

Edessa sidilizwa njengoba athola ibhaxa impi

Kubahlanganyeli Okwesithathu Crusade (1147-1149) eqinisweni ehilelekile yesibili impi. Lo mcimbi futhi iqala ukufika e waseConstantinople, isiJalimane King uConrad namasosha akhe 1147. I izimfanelo for the wave impi eZweni Elingcwele yesibili kwaba iqiniso ukuthi impucuko Muslim babeba matasa futhi kwaqala ukubuyela ngaphambilini wakhe ngamaviyo, abuya ezweni. Ikakhulu, elathunjwa Edessa, eJerusalema wafa, Korol Fulk, nabo ababekade ezibonakalayo eFrance, futhi indodakazi yakhe ayikwazanga ngokuvikeleka okwanele izintshisekelo ngenxa yokuhlubuka kuka-akhonze.

St Bernard wabusisa namaJalimane French ezisendleleni

Abahlanganyeli Yenkolo Okwesithathu (empeleni wesibili, phakathi nekhulu le-12), kwalungiselelwa ngaphezu konyaka owodwa. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi ngaye ngenkuthalo enze uPapa Eugene wasithathu, umhla, Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi saba buthaka njengoba kuhamba igunya yezitayela yeningi e-Italy (ngaphansi kokuqondisa Arnold of Brescia). umbusi French Louis Seventh, knight zomoya, futhi, kwavele ezinye iyehla iyenyuka, kuyilapho nomkhankaso wakhe akazange bless uPapa egameni St Bernard owavuma ntshumayelo ngesidingo ukukhulula Lethuna Elingcwele 1146, abantu maphakathi kanye eningizimu yeFrance idolo. amalungu 3 Impi (mlando ambheka njengomfundisi wawo wesibili) wavela eFrance ingqikithi abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-70, okuyinto ezihlanganisiwe indlela abantu abaningi zezihambeli ezazivela. Ngemva konyaka, St Bernard ngokuthi igagasi efanayo sinyathelo esasithathwe iningi phakathi kwabantu isiJalimane, lapho efika ekuvakasheni King angayizali uConrad.

Ukuwela Bosphorus, King zamaJalimane Conrad bebhekene ukungawi Seljuks, abakwazanga ukuya emaphandleni futhi, ekugcineni, wabuyela ekhaya (kufaka uConrad Korol Lyudvig lwesikhombisa). The French wahambisana esogwini lwe-Asia Minor, futhi enhle kakhulu babo ngomkhumbi eSiriya ngo 1148. Ground amabutho cishe ngaso amandla egcwele kwalahleka phakathi inguquko. Edessa, washaywa off the Crusaders ngesikhathi "infidels", kwaphinda sona leso, unqotshwe amaSulumane, Nur ad Din athumba ezweni eduze Antiyokiya Kurds, eholwa ibalekele yanqoba iGibithe, okuyinto wabusa ngemva Saladin abadumile, anqotshwe futhi Muslim Syria, iDamaseku, ingxenye owawuthandwa kakhulu eMesophothamiya.

Okubi kakhulu of ubudlelwano eMpumalanga ngemva kokufa Baldwin Okwesine

Ngaleyo minyaka eJerusalema, imithetho nezibi ngochoko Baldwin wesine, owayeyilungu ohlakaniphile ezinhle nokungathathi hlangothi inakekelwa kahle ophakathi kweJerusalema eDamaseku. Nokho, ngemva kokufa kwakhe, eyodwa Gi De Luzinyan washada ne udadewabo Baldwin, yazibeka iNkosi yaseJerusalema futhi Saladin waqala avuse isinyathelo sezempi, lapho yokugcina ingaphezu kuphumelele, kokuba won Crusaders cishe lonke izwe.

I impumelelo lempi Saladin kwaholela yokuthi eYurophu kwakukhona abangaba ababambiqhaza e Yenkolo Okwesithathu, owayefuna ukuziphindiselela kuye. A ukusebenza omusha lempi empumalanga isibusiso uPapa kwaholela Frederick Barbarossa, Korol filipp Awugustu II (French) kanye uRichard the Lionheart - King of England ngesikhathi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uFiliphu Richard abathandanga ngokucacile nomunye. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi UPhilip wayeyilungu leqembu inkosi nozungu (kuhlanganise nomfowethu Richard, uJohane abangenamihlaba, owayehola eNgilandi engekho umbusi eyisisekelo), okungasekelwe zihlukaniswa ophikisana naye ngesiNgisi. Nokho, nalokhu kwesibili, wahlupheka kakhulu, hhayi elintantayo lempi isimo.

Frederick Barbarossa kwaba umkhuzi baqaphe

ubudlelwano Zazinjalo phakathi inhloko yezwe - abahlanganyeli Yenkolo Okwesithathu. UFrederick Okokuqala, bakholelwa ezinye izazi-mlando, kwakusala kude ngokuxabana enjalo futhi balungiselela inkampani yakhe eMpumalanga eduze kakhulu. Kunobufakazi obuthile bokuthi ukuthi wayekhona kuqala umkhankaso, bese ubambe izingxoxo nezinhlaka eMbusweni WaseByzantium, futhi Sultan ye-Ikoniyu, futhi mhlawumbe naye sultan Saladin. Ngu isivumelwano uMbusi waseByzantium abahlanganyeli 3 impi etholwe ndima khulula ngokusebenzisa phansi kanye nokuhlinzekwa amalungiselelo ngamazinga kusengaphambili. Hungarian Korol Bela, owayebizwa azisetshenziswa umkhankaso, kwadingeka ibutho Barbarossa ngokusebenzisa insimu yalo ngendlela engeyinhle. Kodwa endleleni eya amaJalimane aqala ukuhlasela iqembu lezigebengu wabaphangi. Phakathi Crusaders waqala ukungena bendawo ababekwa awanelisekile kanye nababusi bawo, okuyinto isibalo sezikhungo izibhelu ahlomile.

Ayini nobunzima ababhekana nazo abahlanganyeli German we Okwesithathu Crusade? Friedrich 1 babengazi ukuthi ngemva kokuwela Bosphorus ngoMashi 1190 kwase kakade ukhathele amabutho kuyodingeka zidlule-Asia Minor, ngaphambi umonakalo wempi i Seljuks, lapho bayobizwa uhlangabezana nezinkinga nge izilwane ezithwalayo nomphako. Inkosi yaseJalimane inqobe ezinkulu e-Ikoniyu, kodwa laseKhilikhiya, lapho sidlula emfuleni entabeni Salef Friedrich ayiminyanisa, wafa. It phephetha impumelelo ibhizinisi njengengxenye Crusaders kwadingeka abuyele eYurophu kolwandle, futhi ingxenye wehlele Agra (main umgomo umkhankaso), eholwa uMbusi Swabia waba nengxenye belwa namanye amaKristu.

URichard uFiliphu waya olwandle

Okunye zamalungu asekhulile Third Crusade (1189-1192) wafika ukuvinjezelwa Agra kanye namasosha akhe entwasahlobo ka 1190. Endleleni, Richard wakwazi uthwebule Cyprus. Kodwa Agra, ikakhulukazi ngenxa umehluko phakathi Richard noFiliphu, wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu ehlobo lika-1191, cishe iminyaka emibili. Ingxenye Knights French wabe esehamba ngomkhumbi waya ezweni lawo ngaphansi kobuholi wenkosi yabo. Kodwa ezinye, njengenhlekelele noHenry Champagne, Burgundy, uHugo et al. Ingabe kwahlangatshezwana kwesokunxele ukulwa eSiriya, lapho Saladin inflicted ukunqotshwa at Arsuf, kodwa wahluleka ukubuyela eJerusalema. Ngo-September 1192 kubahlanganyeli Yenkolo Okwesithathu sasayinwa ne Sultan we isivumelwano sokuthula, amaKristu ayengezwa uvakashele lelingcwele ngaphansi kwazo kuphela. URichard the Lionheart ke waphindela kwelakubo. Cishe ngaleso sikhathi kwafika zamaJalimane oda Knights, okuyinto etholakala ngokuguqula isibhedlela German St Mary elangenza ihlelwe phakathi nokuhlaselwa aseMpumalanga.

Imiphumela Zokholo

Yini Imiphumela States eziceleni Crusade? Ithebula ubonisa ukuthi abantu baseYurophu nezizwe eMpumalanga, kunalokho angaphezu kuka elahlekile kusukela lezi zenzakalo ezingokomlando. Kodwa kuyafaneleka ukuthi Zokholo ngenxa nje kuphela ukufa isibalo esikhulu sabantu, buthakathaka amafomu ephakathi kahulumeni, kodwa nazo zaba neqhaza rapprochement phakathi ekilasini bezizwe ezihlukahlukene nabantu, zakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa navigation futhi ukuhweba, ekusakazekeni kobuKristu, le interpenetration yamanani yamasiko East kanye West.