Lapho owathola iMelika? Umlando kokutholakala Melika. Unyaka ka kokutholakala Melika

Unyaka kokutholakala Melika angabhekwa senguquko empilweni Europe. Lapho ufunda khona izwekazi entsha, abaningi baqala ukuya Cruises ukuba, ukuhlola amasimu amasha, zama ukuwasebenzisa kahle kwakuhilela.

UColumbus ethola amazwe aseMelika

Unyaka lapho umhloli wamazwe Spanish wavula bomhlaba bube busha emlandweni ukubizwa ngokuthi 1492-th. Futhi zonke ezinye izindawo enkulu yeNyakatho Melika, isibonelo, izifunda Alaska futhi ugu Pacific ezase zibhaliwe kakade wathola futhi uphenyo ekuqaleni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Kufanele ukuthi isandla esibalulekile ekutadisheni zwekazi umhambi ezivela eRussia.

nokwenziwa

Umlando kwatholakala i-Nyakatfo Melika kuyinto ngempela ezithakazelisayo: kungaba sibizwe nangokuthi ngephutha. Ekupheleni isihloli Spanish ngekhulu nanhlanu Hristofor Kolumb nelomngane wakhe safinyelela ogwini eNyakatho neMelika. Nokho, ngephutha wacabanga ukuthi e-India. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iqala nenkathi lapho Melika wavulwa waqala ukuthuthukiswa yayo nocwaningo. Kodwa abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi usuku olungalungile, ethi kokutholakala izwekazi entsha kwenzeka ngasekuqaleni kakhulu.

Ngayiphi ngonyaka kwatholakala Melika?

Unyaka uColumbus ethola amazwe aseMelika - 1492-th - hhayi usuku oluqondile. It kuvela ukuthi isihloli Spanish kwadingeka ngaphambili, futhi okuyinto - hhayi omunye. Phakathi nekhulu leshumi leminyaka le Normans uhambo lapha ngemva wathola Greenland. Noma kunjalo, ikoloni ezweni elisha kuhlulekile, ngoba wacasulwa sezulu izimo ezinzima kakhulu zenyakatho zaleli zwekazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Normans futhi uyesaba ibanga kusuka nezwekazi entsha eYurophu.

Ngokusho kwabanye, nezwekazi wathola abagibeli bemikhumbi yasendulo - abaseFenike. Eminye imithombo kwaleso sikhathi, lapho ethola amazwe aseMelika, ngokuthi phakathi nenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC, njengamaphayona - amaShayina. Nokho, le nguqulo futhi nintule ubufakazi obucacile.

It kubhekwa ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa kakhulu ngesikhathi lapho amaViking owathola iMelika. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi uNorman uBjarni Heryulfsonom uLeif Eriksson Helluland atholakele - "itshe", Markland - "iZihlobo Zasehlathini" naseVinland - "izivini" womhlaba, elibonakala nge esikhathi yeNhlonhlo Labrador.

Kunobufakazi bokuthi ngisho nangaphambi Columbus ngo ngekhulu nanhlanu, nezwekazi enyakatho safinyelela Bristol futhi Cantabria abadobi, ngubani wawuqamba siqhingi Brazil. Nokho, uma ukuya esikhathini isikhathi salezi mikhankaso ezingeke ngokuthi ingqopha-mlando emlandweni lapho ethola amazwe aseMelika ngempela, t. E. Ingabe lawachaza ngokuthi izwekazi entsha.

Columbus - iphayona yangempela

Noma kunjalo, lapho ebuzwa ukuthi ngonyaka ethola amazwe aseMelika, ochwepheshe ngokuvamile okuthiwa ngekhulu nanhlanu, noma kunalokho ekupheleni kwaso. Futhi ngowokuqala owenza lokhu, ngokuvumelana Columbus. Isikhathi lapho ethola amazwe aseMelika, kwaqondana umlando ngenkathi abeLungu baqala ukusakaza imibono mayelana nokubuya ijamo eMhlabeni kanye nokwenzeka ukufinyelela India noma China indlela Western, okungukuthi, ulwandle i-Atlantic Ocean. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi lendlela sifushane ngaphandle empumalanga. Ngakho-ke, uma sicabangela ayitholwa isiPutukezi on the control yeNingizimu Atlantic, okuholela Alkasovasskim sivumelwano 1479, Spain, njalo sifuna oxhumana ngqo amazwe aseMpumalanga, isekela kakhulu uhambo Columbus Itilosi Genoese ohlangothini entshonalanga.

Ukugubha ukuvulwa

Hristofor Kolumb kusukela zisencane nentshisekelo geography, geometry nesayensi yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi. Kusukela esemncane kwakuhileleke wakhuluma mikhankaso zasolwandle, wahambela cishe zonke izilwandle elalaziwa ngaleso sikhathi. Columbus wayeshade indodakazi itilosi isiPutukezi, kusukela lapho efika eziningi amabalazwe kanye amanothi ngesikhathi Henry the Navigator. Owathola ikusasa lazo uzifunde ngokucophelela. iPlani lakhe kwaba ukuthola indlela yasolwandle eNdiya, kodwa hhayi ngaphandle kokudabula Afrika, futhi ngqo ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic. Njengoba ezinye izazi - ayephila nabo, Columbus babekholelwa ukuthi, kokuba gone entshonalanga Yurophu, sizokwazi ukufinyelela ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Asia - lezo zindawo lapho kukhona iNdiya neChina. Nokho, akazange ngisho ukwazi ukuthi indlela uzohlangana lonke izwekazi, kuze aziwa baseYurophu ke. Kodwa lezo zinto zenzekile. Futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi futhi has ivelaphi emlandweni kokutholakala Melika.

Lolu hambo lokuqala

Columbus imikhumbi yokuqala samuka ngomkhumbi ethekwini Palosskoy lwesithathu ngo-August 1492. Kwakukhona emithathu. Ukuze abantu abalisebenzisayo eziQhingini zaseCanary uhambo wabe ngempela ngomoya ophansi: Lokhu elula umgwaqo amatilosi isivele ezaziwayo. Kodwa ngokushesha kakhulu bezithola ulwandlekazi. Kancane kancane ke la madoda aqala sidumale futhi ukukhulisa nokububula. Kodwa Columbus wakwazi uyayidambisa le abangalawuleki, sibasekela sethemba. Ngokushesha kwaqala ukuvela izimpawu - harbingers komhlaba eduze: inyoni engaziwa ngendiza, ngomkhumbi emagatsheni ezihlahla. Ekugcineni, ngemva lwamasonto ayisithupha nohambo lwabo lwasolwandle, izibani ebusuku, nalapho Ekuseni kusantwela, ngaphambi amatilosi wavula green island olunothile, zonke embozwe kwezimila. Columbus wafika ogwini, uye wamemezela ezweni lemfuyo umqhele Spanish. Lesi siqhingi sasibizwa okuthiwa San Salvador, okungukuthi, uMsindisi. Kwakungesinye izingcezu ezincane komhlaba okuqondene Bahamas noma Lukaysky ziqhingi.

Earth, lapho kukhona igolide

Abomdabu - babeyizidlova elinokuthula nelilondekile nabanomusa. Lapho iqaphela ukuhaha bahamba ngomkhumbi baya imihlobiso yegolide ukuthi hung phakathi abokuzalwa kwa ekhaleni nezindlebe, izimpawu batshelwa ukuthi eningizimu ezweni ngokoqobo egcwele igolide. Futhi Columbus akagcinanga lapho. Ngawo lowo nyaka livula Cuba, okuyinto, nakuba bathatha oya ezwekazini, ngokunembile, ngoba ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Asia, futhi wamemezela ikoloni Spanish. Kule eviyweni, waphendukela empumalanga, wanamathela Haiti. Kulokhu yonke indlela abaseSpain wahlangana babeyizidlova abangekho uzimisele kuphela ukushintsha izigqizo zabo zegolide ukuze elula glass ubuhlalu nezinye izinhlobo, kodwa futhi njalo zazibhekisela kumuntu isiqondiso eseningizimu, uthe lapho ebuzwa ngalokhu ensimbini eyigugu. On saseHispaniola okuyinto Columbus okuthiwa saseHispaniola noma Little Spain, wakha Fort encane.

ukubuya

Lapho emikhumbi eboshelwe itheku Palosskoy, isizwe sonke sasesisiza ogwini ukuhlangabezana nabo honours egcwele. ngomusa kakhulu wathatha uColumbus uFerdinand neNdlovukazi u-Isabella. Izindaba ukutholakala kwe-Nguqulo Yezwe ukusakaza fast kakhulu, njengoba ngokushesha uya futhi ukuya khona kanye owathola. Ngaleso sikhathi baseYurophu nakancane ukuthi Melika kwatholakala Hristofor Kolumb.

Ohambweni lwakhe lwesibili njengesithunywa

History of the ukutholakala enkulu yeNyakatho Melika, okuyinto wethulwa 1492, baqhubeka. Kusukela ngo-September 1493 ngo-June 1496 kwaba wesibili ilandelana uhambo Itilosi Genoese. Ngenxa yalokho, Virgin kanye Windward Islands Kwatholakala, kuhlanganise Antigua, Dominica, Nevis, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Puerto Rico kanye Jamaica. AbaseSpain wazinza phezu kwezwe Haiti, abenze kwesisekelo salo futhi lakha engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe inqaba San Domingo. Ngo 1497th ukuncintisana nabo, wangena isiNgisi, futhi, uzama ukuthola enyakatho-ntshonalanga maqondana Asia. Ngokwesibonelo, Cabot Genoese ngaphansi ifulege IsiZulu wathola esiqhingini Newfoundland and, abanye akhawunti, besondela kakhulu ogwini waseNyakatho Melika: e Labrador futhi Nova Scotia. Ngakho waseBrithani waqala ukubeka isisekelo ukubusa bakule ndawo lweNyakatho Melika.

I yesithathu neyesine uhambo

Lwaqala ngo-May 1498 futhi yaphela ngo-November 1500. Ngenxa yalokho, kwatholakala esiqhingini Trinidad and umlomo Orinoco. Ngo-August 1498 waseColumbus lokuqala wafikela ogwini isivele eNingizimu Melika eNhlonhlweni Paria, futhi abantu abaningi baseSpain 1499th safinyelela ogwini Guiana futhi Venezuela, bese - Brazil nomlomo Amazon. Futhi kule minyaka - lesine - nohambo kusukela ngoMeyi 1502 kuya ku-November 1504 Columbus wavulwa kakade Central America. imikhumbi yakhe lidlule nasogwini Honduras futhi Nicaragua, uvela Costa Rica futhi Panama kuze kube eGulf of Darién.

izwekazi entsha

Ngawo lowo nyaka kwenye itilosi - Amérigo Vespucci, bomkhankaso okwenzeka ngaphansi ifulege isiPutukezi, futhi wahlola ugu Brazilian. Ukufinyelela eCape of Cananea, wabeka phambili umbono wokuthi umhlaba ukuthi uColumbus ethola - akuyona eChina naseNdiya, kodwa izwekazi entsha ngokuphelele. Lo mbono kwaqinisekiswa ngemva uhambo lokuqala emhlabeni wonke, uzibophezele F. Magellan. Nokho, ngokuphambene logic of the izwekazi entsha kwaqinisekiswa igama Melika - egameni Vespucci.

Nokho, kukhona ezinye izizathu zokukholelwa ukuthi izwekazi entsha yethiwa umxhasi Richard Bristol Melika besuka eNgilandi, ngubani ngokwezimali uhambo lwabo lwesibili enqamula ka UJohn Cabot e 1497, Amérigo Vespucci futhi ngemva kwalokho wathatha igama behlonipha nezwekazi okuthiwa. Ukuze afakazele lokhu ithiyori, abacwaningi ubufakazi zethula Cabot lifika ngasogwini Labrador, eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili, futhi ngenxa yalokho waba ngokomthetho umLungu wokuqala owalubhada inhlabathi American.

Phakathi nekhulu le-nesithupha, Zhak Karte, wamazwe isiFulentshi, lifika ngasogwini Canada, enika endaweni igama layo lamanje.

nezinye contender

Ukuthuthukiswa ezwekazini i-Nyakatfo Melika aqhubeka wabahloli afana no-John Davis Aleksandr Makenzi, Genri Gudzon noWilliam Baffin. Kuyinto ngenxa ucwaningo lwabo kanye nezwekazi ibilokhu wafunda phansi ogwini Pacific.

Nokho, umlando uyazi okuningi amanye amagama amatilosi ngubani nisondelé US emhlabathini ngaphambi Columbus. Lena Shen Hui - indela Thai ovakashele ndawo ngekhulu lesihlanu, Abubakar - Sultan of Mali, ubani aya ngasogwini US ekhulwini nane, i-Earl of Orkney de Saint-Clair, umcwaningi Chzhee Ho, isiPutukezi Joao Korterial etc ...

Kodwa, naphezu kwayo yonke into, ukuthi Hristofor Kolumb umuntu ogama okutholakele baye nakanjani bathonya wonke umlando wesintu.

Eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu ngemuva esikhathini lapho imikhumbi eyayiya owathola iMelika itilosi, ibalazwe lokuqala okwakukhona kuyo nezwekazi ngasondelana up. Umbhali wayo uMartin Valdzeemyuller. Namuhla, ngokuba impahla Library of Congress of the United States, lilondolozwe Washington.