Ultradeep kahle eNhlonhlweni Kola: Umlando kanye izimfihlo

I kahle, etholakala kwi insimu yeNhlonhlo Kola, ke ithatha endaweni yokuqala ohlwini "super-ezijulile kahle ngokuthula okukhulu." Kwakuthinta yamba ukuphenya isakhiwo ezijulile amatshe eMhlabeni. Ngokungafani nezinye imithombo amaplanethi ekhona, eyayibhekwa yamba kuphela iphuzu ucwaningo umbono kanye alisetshenziswa ngenjongo isizinda izidubedube.

Indawo Kola ultradeep esiteshini

Likuphi Kola ultradeep kahle? на располагается в Мурманской области, вблизи города Заполярный (примерно в 10 километрах от него). On esisogwini Murmansk endaweni eduze Polar (mayelana 10 amakhilomitha away). Indawo kahle iyingqayizivele ngempela. Kwakuthinta zibekwe phezu insimu ka aseBaltic Isihlangu eNhlonhlweni Kola. Kwakulapho, lapho nsuku zonke ezweni odlulela kwamanzi ezihlukahlukene amatshe lasendulo.

Eduze kahle kuyinto Pechenga-Imandra-Varzuga nemifantu umkhombe, kwakheka ngenxa iphutha.

Kola ultradeep kahle: umlando nesenzakalo

Yokudumisa lwethi ngesikhathi kokuzalwa Vladimira Ilicha Lenina ukuqala imishini imithombo seluqaliwe engxenyeni yokuqala ka-1970.

Meyi 24, 1970, ngemva kwemvume bomkhankaso Geological of indawo kahle, umsebenzi waqala. Aze aphakame cishe 7000 metres ukujula mayelana konke kwahamba ngokushesha futhi ngokushelela. Ngemva kokuwela umsebenzi eziyisikhombisa senkulungwane laphumela futhi baba more xaka, kukhona kwenhlabathi njalo.

Ngenxa yalokho, ikhefi kancane njalo futhi amakhefu kokusiphakamisela sokuprakthiza amakhanda, kanye eMpumalanga njalo kahle izindonga babeboshelwe inqubo ye ekuqiniseni. Nokho, ngenxa eziyimbangela yezinkinga ezizuzwa njalo umsebenzi waqhubeka iminyaka eminingana futhi babe ngokwedlulele kancane.

Juni 6, 1979 ukujula kahle isidlulile okuvimbelayo 9583 amamitha, ephula irekhodi lomhlaba ukuze imithombo kawoyela e-United States linguBerta Rodzhers, elise Oklahoma. Ngalesi sikhathi kule Kola Borehole ngokuqhubekayo wasebenza laboratories yisayensi ngezingozi nesithupha inqubo imishini ingaphansi kweso nguNgqongqoshe Geology zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa Kozlovskim Evgeniem Aleksandrovichem.

Ngo-1983, lapho le-Kola super-ezijulile kahle ukujula ifinyelele 12.066 amamitha, imisebenzi yayenziwa okwesikhashana simisiwe belungiselela International Geological Congress ngo-1984. Njengoba eseqedile, bona yaphinde yaqhubeka.

Uqalise umsebenzi wawa ngo-September 27, 1984. Kodwa yelashwa sokuprakthiza yezinhlamvu kanye nciphisa Borehole iphutha waphinda ebaleka lokuqala. Umsebenzi uqalisiwe kusuka ka mayelana 7000 amamitha ukujula.

Ngo-1990, i-emgodini sokuprakthiza ukujula safinyelela irekhodi 12.262 amamitha. Ngemva komunye zokugwema ukuphuka ikholomu uthole i ukuze ayeke ukubhola kanye ukuqedela umsebenzi.

Isimo samanje Kola Borehole

Ekuqaleni kuka-2008, ultradeep kahle eNhlonhlweni Kola sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi abalahliwe, adiliza imishini, kanye iphrojekthi kubhidlizwe izakhiwo ezikhona kanye laboratories yayisivele egijima.

Ekuqaleni kuka-2010, umqondisi Kola Geological Institute ukuthi manje kahle usebhekene inqubo ukulondolozwa futhi wabhubhisa ngokwabo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umbuzo wakhe bengavuswa.

I womthombo ukujula kuze kube manje,

Njengamanje, Kola ultradeep kahle, isithombe elinikeza ukunakwa yomfundi esihlokweni ingenye emikhulu imishini amaphrojekthi emhlabeni. ka 12.263 amamitha ukujula yakhe esemthethweni.

Umsindo kule Kola Borehole

Lapho imishini Rig sawela embundwini ayizinkulungwane 12 metres, abasebenzi baqala ukuzwa imisindo ongaziwa okuvela ekujuleni. Ekuqaleni abazange ulihlanganisa ukubaluleka kule. Nokho, lapho wonke imishini imishini eba yiqhwa, kanye kahle ezazilengisiwe sathi ukuthula elibulalayo, wezwa umsindo ongajwayelekile ukuthi abasebenzi ngokwabo ngokuthi "kwezoni esihogweni." Ngenxa yokuthi umsindo kahle super-ezijulile sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi esingavamile ngempela, kwanqunywa ukuba alobe nabo umbhobho ukushisa ukumelana. Lapho amarekhodi sekuzwakala, Bethuka bonke - babefana Screams futhi squeals zabantu.

Ngemva kwamahora amaningana, ngemva kokulalela okuqoshiwe abasebenzi bathole iminonjana kuqhuma ibhomu kakhulu ngemva ngaphambili imvelaphi engaziwa. Imisebenzi bamiswa okwesikhashana okulindile ukucaciseleka kwalezi zimo. Noma kunjalo, kuqaliswe futhi ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa. Nalapha wehlela emthonjeni, zonke ngomoya bated belindele ukuzwa abantu bememeza, kodwa kwakungekho ngempela kwathula elibulalayo.

Lapho Ukuqulwa kwecala kwaqala ngomsuka imisindo, yaqala ukubuza imibuzo mayelana nokuthi ubani futhi lokho engakuzwa. abasebenzi Amazed futhi bethukile wazama ukugwema siphendule le mibuzo, bese kuphela sichithiwe esinamandla ngamazwi athi: "Ngezwa into exakile ezingutsheni ..." Kwaze kwaba ngemva isikhathi esiningi futhi inguqulo isifakwe phambili sokuvalwa iphrojekthi, imisindo umsuka engaziwa - kuba umsindo ukuhamba khona izingqimba zomhlaba. Le nguqulo iye yabonakala ingelona iqiniso ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Mysteries ukuthi zimbozwe kahle

Ngo-1989, Kola ultradeep kahle, kusukela lapho imisindo ajabulise umcabango yomuntu, wabizwa ngokuthi "endleleni esihogweni." Le nganekwane wazalelwa e-US ithelevishini ukusakaza, okuyinto wamukela sihloko April Fools ephephandabeni Finnish mayelana Kola kanye ngokoqobo. Lesi sihloko sathi zonke ikhilomitha proburonny endleleni kuya kwele-13 yaletha inhlekelele wezwe okuqinile. Ngokusho yetinsita at a 12,000 amamitha ukujula umsebenzi uqala ukwenziwa kubonakale ukukhala komuntu usizo alotshwa imibhobho supersensitive.

Nge zonke imayela endleleni kuya kwele-13 kuleli zwe kwakukhona izinhlekelele, ngakho-ke ngezinye indlela ngenhla iSoviet Union iwa.

Kuyaqapheleka futhi ukuthi, ukuze bayamba ugcwala izinkulungwane 14.5 amamitha, abasebenzi bakhubekile lapho kungenzeka 'amakamelo' ozwakala lapho izinga lokushisa ifinyelela 1100 degrees Celsius. Kwehliswe komunye wale izimbobo ingenye imibhobho thermostable eqoshiwe nokuquma rattles kanye ukukhala. Lezi imisindo abizwa ngokuthi "izwi eHayidese" kanye kahle isiphenduke ngeke ukubizwa ngokuthi 'endleleni esihogweni. "

Nokho, kungakabiphi, lo qembu ucwaningo usephikile kwale nganekwane. Ososayensi wathi ukuthi womthombo ukujula ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola amamitha 12 263 kuphela kanye esiphezulu lokushisa ezincwadini 220 degrees Celsius. Unbroken kwakukhona qiniso elilodwa kuphela, sibonga esesikhundleni nodumo ezingabazisayo Kola ultradeep kahle - imisindo.

Inkhulumo esinye sezisebenzi we Kola super-ezijulile kahle

Lapho kuxoxwa naye enikelwe okuchitha nganekwane we Kola Borehole uDavide Mironovich Guberman wathi: "Lapho mina ebuzwa yiqiniso kwale ndaba. nganekwane khona idemoni ukuthi sathola lapho, ngithi ukuthi lokhu akunangqondo. Kodwa uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, angikwazi uphike yokuthi sibhekene okungaphezu kwemvelo. Okokuqala, saqala abaphazamisa umsindo odabuka ongaziwa, ngemva kwayo kwaba khona ukuqhuma. Lapho senza yabheka kahle, ngesikhathi ukujula efanayo, yonke into yayisiphelile ngokuphelele evamile ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ... "

Iyiphi inzuzo ilethe Kola super-ezijulile Umsebenzi wokubhola amanzi?

Yiqiniso, omunye izinzuzo main of indawo okuvela kuyo amazwi kahle kungenziwa ngokuthi neragelo phambili emkhakheni imishini. izindlela ezintsha kanye izinhlobo imishini zenzelwe. Drilling Futhi mathupha Kola super-ezijulile kahle futhi wadala imishini yesayensi ukuthi isetshenziswa kuze kube yilolu suku.

Enye plus kwaba kuvulwa endaweni entsha ngokusimama kwezinsiza zemvelo, phakathi lapho kukhona igolide.

Umgomo oyinhloko yesayensi ekuhloleni izingqimba ezijulile umhlaba yephrojekthi yafinyelelwa. eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma Abaningi ekhona ziye waphikisa (kuhlanganise phansi basalt ungqimba).

Isibalo imithombo super-ezijulile zomhlaba

Zonke emhlabeni, kukhona abangu-25 imithombo ultra-ezijulile.

Iningi lazo zitholakala ensimini ka ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union, kodwa mayelana 8 elise emhlabeni wonke.

Ultradeep emithombo ensimini ayeyingxenye ye-USSR

On the eSoviet Union, ubuhanjelwe lenqwaba imithombo ultra-ojulile, kodwa ikakhulukazi kufanele zabelwe kanje:

1. Muruntau kahle. I womthombo ukujula ifinyelela ingqikithi amamitha ayizinkulungwane 3. Akhiwe Republic of Uzbekistan, edolobhaneni elincane Muruntau. Drilling womthombo waqala ngo-1984 futhi ingakamiswa igcwaliswe.
2. Krivorozhskaya kahle. Ukujula ifinyelela 5383 kuphela amamitha kusuka ayizinkulungwane 12 ukubonakalisa. Drilling waqala ngo-1984 yaphela ngo-1993. Indawo umthombo ubhekwa njengento e-Ukraine, eduze kwedolobha Krivoy rog.
3. Dnieper-eDonets kahle. A countrywoman sangaphambilini futhi itholakala e-Ukraine eduze laseDonetsk Republic. I womthombo usuku ukujula 5691 amamitha. Drilling waqala ngo-1983 futhi kuyaqhubeka kuze kube manje.
4. kahle Ural. It has a ka 6100 amamitha ukujula. Itholakala ku Sverdlovsk esifundeni, eduze nedolobha Verkhnyaya Tura. Umsebenzi wokubhola amanzi imisebenzi eyathatha iminyaka engu-20, kusukela ngo-1985 futhi ziphethe 2005.
5. Biikzhalskaya kahle. Ukujula kwawo ifinyelela 6700 amamitha. Awu imishini ezenzeka kusukela ngo-1962 kuya ku-1971. It is elisoGwini ukucindezeleka iCaspian.
6. Aralsolskaya kahle. ukujula Wakhe eziyikhulu amamitha ngaphezulu Biikzhalskoy futhi amamitha 6800 kuphela. Unyaka ka-imishini futhi kahle izindawo ayafana ngokuphelele nge Biizhalskoy Borehole.
7. Timan-Pechora kahle. Ukujula kwawo ifinyelela 6904 amamitha. Akhiwe Republic Komi. Ukuze yini ukunemba kakhudlwana, endaweni Vuktylsky. Umsebenzi wokubhola amanzi imisebenzi yathatha iminyaka engaba ngu-10, kusukela ngo-1984, ophela ngonyaka 1993.
8. Tyumen kahle. Ukujula ifinyelela 7502 amamitha angama-lohleliwe 8,000. elise Well eduze nedolobha Novy Urengoy futhi Korotchaevo emzaneni. Drilling ezenzeka kusukela ngo-1987 kuya ku-1996.
9. Shevchenko kahle. Kwakuthinta yamba kwelinye ngo-1982 ngenhloso umkhiqizo kawoyela entshonalanga ye-Ukraine. Ukujula umthombo 7520 amamitha. Akhiwe esifundeni ZaseCarpathos.
10. Yong-Yakhinskaya kahle. It has a ka mayelana 8250 amamitha ukujula. I chink kuphela, okuyinto Udlule isu imishini (yasekuqaleni 6000). Akhiwe eNtshonalanga yeSiberia ngasemzini Novy Urengoy. Drilling wawuqala 2000 kuya 2006. Ngaleso sikhathi samanje Wagcina oyibamba ultradeep imithombo eRussia.
11. kahle Saatli. ukujula 8324 amamitha wayo. Drilling kwenziwa esikhathini kusukela ngo-1977 kuya ku-1982. Itholakala e-Azerbaijan, 10 ukusuka edolobheni Saatli, ngaphakathi eKursk Bulge.

Umhlaba ultradeep imithombo

Kwamanye amazwe, futhi, kukhona ezinye imithombo super-ezijulile, okuyinto asinakulishalazela:

1. Sweden. Siljan Ring ukujula 6800 amamitha.
2. Kazakhstan. Tasymov Southeast ukujula 7050 amamitha.
3. US. Bighorn ka 7583 amamitha ukujula.
4. Austria. Tsisterdorf ukujula 8553 amamitha.
5. US. University ukujula 8686 amamitha.
6. Germany. KTB Oberpfalz-ukujula 9101 amamitha.
7. US. Beydat-Unit ukujula 9159 amamitha.
8. US. LinguBerta Rodzhers ukujula 9583 amamitha.

Amarekhodi Umhlaba ngoba imithombo ultra-ezijulile emhlabeni

Ngo-2008, irekhodi emhlabeni Kola Borehole lwaphuka uwoyela kahle Maersk. ukujula Wakhe 12.290 amamitha.

Ngemva kwalokho, salotshwa ambalwa ngaphezulu amarekhodi emhlabeni ultradeep imithombo:

1. Ekuqaleni kuka-January 2011 irekhodi imithombo eziphukile umkhiqizo kawoyela "Sakhalin-1" umsebenzi wokwakha, okwasetshenziswa ifinyelela ka 12,345 amamitha ukujula.
2. Ngo-June 2013, irekhodi washaywa emkhakheni kahle Chayvo owawungumnyaka ka 12,700 amamitha ukujula.

Nokho, izimfihlakalo Kola super-ezijulile kahle kuze kube manje hhayi wachazela futhi wachaza. Isihlobo imisindvo ukwethula ngesikhathi imishini yayo, kuze kube namuhla kunezinkolelo-mbono omusha. Kwazi bani, mhlawumbe lokhu ngempela isithelo umcabango zabantu ezinobudlova? Hhayi-ke, indlela-ke, njengoba abaningi bokuzibonela? Mhlawumbe esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kuyoba umuntu uyonika incazelo esingokwesayensi okwenzekayo, futhi mhlawumbe kahle futhi uhlala legend ukuthi exoxa emakhulwini amaningi ...