Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna, unkosikazi Gorky sika: Biography emfushane

Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova-Volzhina - owesifazane emangalisayo, ogama lakhe ngokuvamile okukhulunywa ngayo lapho etshelwa biography noma izindaba ezivela empilweni Maksima Gorkogo. Kulokhu, abantu abaziyo ukuthi kwaba omunye wabasunguli kwenhlangano eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Political Red Cross, okuyinto kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-1937 eyingoduso ekuhlinzekweni usizo iziboshwa emajele we Russia kweSoviet futhi i-USSR.

Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna: Biography

Izingane zemindeni etusekayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, njengoba umthetho, siboshwe lendabuko yalo. Nokho, ekupheleni kwekhulu isimo sesishintshile, ngoba amalungu amaningi lesi sigaba baye baba mpofu, kanjalo nenzalo yabo kwadingeka akukho ongcono ukwedlula izingane zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba noma emsebenzini, okumenza ukuzondla.

Phakathi kwalezi izingane yizicukuthwane abaqhamuka emindenini abampofu wayenezimvu Katya Volzhina (ngemva komshado Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna). Wazalelwa emkhayeni etusekayo edolobheni Sumy. Ngesizathu esingaziwa, ukhombise usuku lokuzalwa e imibhalo 3 eminyakeni ezahlukene. Nokho, ngokusemthethweni wemukeleke ukuthi Katya Volzhina wazalwa ngo-July 1876. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, umkhaya wakubo wathuthela Samara, njengobaba, ukuba abaphambe abakweletwayo, yalahlekelwa yiyo yonke ingcebo yakhe. Lapho, umkhaya wayohlala endlini zokulala ngomholo kamama, okuyinto ngokulambisa eyanele ukukhokhela irenti. Kakade kusukela 4th grade lolimi Katya banikeza izifundo, ngoba ubaba ubangwa nezibi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena yasiza nonina, okwathi ran ikhishi isobho abalambayo.

Ngo-1895, uCatherine kuphothula esikoleni samabanga aphakeme nge indondo futhi Ngaso leso sikhathi nganquma ukuthola umsebenzi. Wakwenza ngokushesha okukhulu, ngakho ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa ngemva kokuthola isitifiketi ntombazane wayekade umsebenzi "Samara iphephandaba" futhi enze imisebenzi umqondisi.

Ukujwayeleka ne Gorky abasha

Ngo uhlelo "iphephandaba Samara" Catherine Volzhina wahlangana Alekseem Peshkovym, ngubani ngezikhathi ishicilelwe kule edition. Phakathi kwabantu encane yaqala ukubuyisela ukukhulekela romance ngesivunguvungu. Kwathatha cishe ngonyaka abazali wentombazane sibekezelele kukhethwa indodakazi yakhe. Baze wamthumela Kronstadt, enethemba lokuthi uthando lwakhe umbhali-ningahlubuki ukusekela ngokuhlukana eside. Kodwa isiphetho babenqume ngenye: uPawulu Volzhin hhayi ukuphila ngokuvumelana kubuye amantombazane kusukela uhambo, futhi lo mfelokazi akazange ukugxambukela indodakazi yakhe. Ngesibusiso sakhe ehlobo lika-1896, uCatherine kanye noMax babeshadile. Ngemva kwalokho Catherine Volzhina washintsha igama lakhe ukuze Peshkov futhi akuzange kuyishintshe ngaphambi kokuphela ukuphila.

washada

Ngo-1897 lo mbhangqwana kwadingeka indodana yabo Max, bese indodakazi Katya, ababulawa meningitis lapho eseneminyaka ngokulambisa 5 iminyaka.

Lesi simo esidabukisayo senzeke emva umndeni abasha kuhanjiswe ku Nizhny Novgorod. ukufa wentombazane ombangela eqeda phakathi kwabashadile, futhi ekupheleni 1903 Peshkov Babelana kokuba kungokuvumelana, kulapho ukuthi Gorky kwakunomuntu wesifazane. Nokho, akwazi ukulondoloza kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe okutholakala ngokuba nobuhlobo obufudumele kakhulu. Kunobufakazi bokuthi isehlukaniso esisemthethweni Aleksey Maksimovich futhi noYekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova neze semthethweni. Ukweseka lokhu ukugomela Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Gorky ayisekho ujoyine yimuphi umshado bhalisiwe, nakuba ayengazi izikhathi ukuhamba ngayo nabesifazane.

Ukuphila phesheya

Ngo-1907, kanye nendodana eneminyaka engu-10 ubudala Maxim Peshkov Ekaterina Pavlovna waya kude. Kube babehlala ikakhulukazi e-Paris. Ngokushesha, nowayengunkosikazi Gorky sinqume ukuqhubeka nemfundo yakhe futhi ngaqala ukuya kuyo French izifundo ulimi futhi Izinkulumo-social science ngesikhathi Sorbonne University. Parallel kule, ke bakhangwa umsebenzi imibuthano usizo ejele nokudingiswa eyayihlelwe V N. Figner. Phesheya Peshkov Ekaterina Pavlovna (bheka isithombe. Ngenhla ebusheni bakhe) wajoyina Socialist-mbuso, futhi wasebenzela nehhovisi ngangiyisifiki, emiselwe inhlangano sosizo lwezinto ezibonakalayo kuphela Russian abathutha zezombusazwe.

Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala

Ngo-1914, Peshkov babenezinkinga ekomidini zezingane "Siza abayizisulu zempi" khona wahlela iqembu lezisebenzi zokuzithandela, funa izingane uyasala front line. Kulesi umsebenzi, wasiza I. N. Saharov - Umkhulu A. D. Saharova.

Ukunquma ukuthi ekhaya yena ingazuzisa kakhulu, Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna, kanye nendodana yakhe ebuyela eRussia. indlela yabo wayegcwele adventure, njengoba ngoba isimo sezombangazwe odalwe ngenkathi emhlabeni, wase-Italy kwadingeka aphume ngomkhumbi eConstantinople futhi ukusuka lapho ukuya Odessa.

Lemisebenti iRed Cross

Labo abamaziyo Ekaterinu Peshkovu, wambiza indoda bemvelo zokuphana, njengoba ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe sanikezelwa abantu, ngesizathu esisodwa noma kwenye bazithola esimweni lapho bangakwazi ukuzisiza. Ngisho ngesikhathi sokuhlala phesheya wentombi waqala ukubambisana Esibomvu bese uqhubeke ukucinga kweziboshwa futhi emva kokubuyela emakhaya.

Phakathi kwamaBolshevik ukwesaba Peshkov Ekaterina Pavlovna baqhubeka besebenzela Esibomvu. KwamaBolshevik nenhlangano yayiwukuthi akudingekile, kodwa uhulumeni weRiphabhulikhi abasha awuzibe, ngoba kufakwe lezo zibalo abahlonishwa njengoba Korolenko, Kropotkin, futhi Veresaev Figner. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona igagasi elisha iziboshwa zezombusazwe, zazifakwa manje ungavumelani Izinqubomgomo RSDLP (b).

"Co-operation" ne-KGB futhi NKVD

Moscow iKomidi iNhlangano Yesiphambano Esibomvu ukuba bavakashela amajele Peshkova esiyalwe ngayo. Cheka lokhu ukumelana futhi wabheka emsebenzini wakhe ngokusebenzisa iminwe yakhe. Yalondolozwa ngisho ubufakazi bokuthi ex-ngomfazi Gorky kusukela Kolunye lohambo lwakhe phesheya bawungenisa F. Dzerzhinsky isipho isetshenziswa. Kukholakala ukuthi imbangela yalezi ubudlelwane yisifiso ukumpotopotoza Gorky Lenin ngazo zonke izindlela ukuze uthole ukwesekwa yayo.

Noma kunjalo, ngo-1919 Ekaterinu Pavlovnu wavulwa ifayela uphenyo. Wayephinde usolwa ngokunukubeza okuqondene Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Ngesikhathi kuqhubeka uphenyo, owesifazane endlini waseshwa, kodwa wayengatholi waboshwa, kwathi ngo-1922 leli cala avaliwe.

Pompolit

Ngo-1922, Ekaterina Peshkova (unkosikazi Gorky sika) idale inhlangano entsha. Abantu bakubiza Pompolitom ngoba abasebenzi bayo baye bazama ukwenza ukuphila kube lula emigodini ejele izinkulungwane zabantu abayizisulu yokucindezelwa zezombusazwe. Isikhathi esining impela, owesifazane wavakashela yeziboshwa phakathi usesho iziboshwa, iqalwa Polish Red Cross. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ekaterina Peshkova (ngomfazi Gorky) ngokuphindaphindiwe aya kwamanye amazwe imali for the iVolga belamba. Kanye negalelo layo eliyigugu insindiso yamaJuda, osolwa Zionism, eziningi zazo wasiza yathuthela Palestine.

Nakuba ngo-1938 Pompolit yavalwa phezu oda of the NKVD, Ekaterina Pavlovna waqhubeka emsiza zonke labo abaphendukela kuye. Ngo-1941-ke waxoshelwa Tashkent, lapho ayehlala khona kuze kube ngemva kwempi.

Ngo zokuphila kwakhe iminyaka yokugcina

Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna, biography okuyinto owazazi iminyaka eminingi esebenza wokuba umeluleki at Ezinqolobaneni A. Gorky Isikhungo Imibhalo Yomhlaba. Washona ngemva kokugula isikhathi eside ngo-1965. Yena wembelwa Novodevichy Amathuna, eduze indodana nendodakazi.

indodana

Njengoba sekushiwo, izibulo Peshkov - Maxim - wazalwa ngo-1897. Iningi esengumntwana awahlala unina phesheya. Ekubuyeleni kwakhe e-ngo-1917 yena wajoyina RSDLP. Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi ngemva kwalokho ngaqala ukusebenza e-KGB ukwaziswa, lapho abathinteka ezindabeni nge ukudla yenhloko-dolobha u. Ngo-1922 washiya e-Italiya. Yena babehlala eBerlin. Ngokuvamile ehlangana Gorky. Ngo-1932, kanye uyise nomkakhe babuyela e-USSR. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngokuvamile omenyiwe uqobo kanye solder Commissar we NKVD Yagoda. Ngolunye usuku, lapho esephindele kusukela edilini esilandelayo, emakhazeni ashubisa umnkantsha futhi, ehlezi egcekeni, kubanda kakhulu futhi wabulawa i-pneumonia.

Manje uyazi ukuthi ubani kwaba Peshkov Ekaterina Pavlovna. Izinkumbulo labo ababona imisebenzi yayo ne-Red Cross kanye Pompolite elichaza wakhe njengoba ungumuntu oye wanikezela ukuphila kwakhe esiza abantulayo - ukusiza abantu abazithola ukuphila kube nzima izimo.