Ngiziphi iinarha ze-wavakashelwa Marco Polo ohambweni lwakhe lwase-Asia?

Marco Polo - isihambi odumile Ephakathi. Zonke zakhe, wachaza ngokuningiliziwe "I Travels ka-Marco Polo", okuyinto iye yaba umthombo obaluleke kakhulu ulwazi ezindawo ngesikhathi. Ngiziphi iinarha ze-wavakashela i-Marco Polo? Lokhu uzofunda kusukela kulesi sihloko.

Marco Polo: Biography emfushane

Noma kunjalo, "I Travels ka-Marco Polo" sithola ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana biography of isihambi. Lapho wazalwa futhi lapho efa, okuyinto evakashela leli zwe, futhi uma i-Marco Polo waqala uhambo lwakhe lokuqala ezinkulu - okokuqala yonke le mibuzo angakwazanga ukuphendula sezifundo Giovanni Ramos. Ekhulwini XVI nguye owabhala umlando eningiliziwe umbhali Italian futhi uzulane.

iminyaka cishe zokuphila Marko Polo: 1254-1324. Yazalwa ngo-Venice, noma ezinye ezicatshangwayo ku Korcula esiqhingini (kulokho manje Croatia). Isiphelo sakhe wayezimisele kusengaphambili, njengoba enjalo ubaba Marco kwakungu umthengisi, futhi, futhi ngempela abadumile. Ngakho-ke, indodana basilingisa lomzali yayo. Ngo nohambo lwakhe lokuqala, Wahamba kudala njengoba engu-6 ubudala. Injongo yalolu hambo kwaba edolobheni Sudak eCrimea.

It is eyaziwa ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi umthengisi ngachitha iminyaka emibili isiboshwa we Genoese. Kwakulapho futhi lalotshwa uthole indaba eningiliziwe ngalokho yezwe bavakashela i-Marco Polo ekuphileni kwakhe. Nokho, isithakazelo esikhulu encwadini besikhathi sakhe akazange abonise.

Marco Polo kwaba ezinonileyo bonke abathengisi Venetian. Eminyakeni yakhe ewohlokayo, zendawo zonke wambiza usozimali. Washona wamazwe edume ngo 1324. Lona wangcwaba, cishe, e-Venice, esontweni San Lorenzo.

Ngiziphi iinarha ze-wavakashelwa Marco Polo ekuhambeni kwakhe ngokusebenzisa I-Asia

uhambo Omkhulu umthengisi Venetian, waqala ngo-1271. Ngaleso sikhathi wayeneminyaka engu-17 kuphela ubudala. Marco Polo samuka noyise omncane.

Ngiziphi iinarha ze-wavakashelwa Marco Polo kulesi hambo? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo ngakho ayilula kangako. Izazi-mlando kabusha umzila yalesi uhambo ngombandela kuphela. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhaya Polo usephendukele China ngokusebenzisa eMesophothamiya uhlangothi, Pamir futhi Mongolia. Endleleni, nabo wavakashela Iran, eCeylon, India kanye yeSumatra. Nakuba incwadi ngawe Marco futhi ngokuphelele amazing amagama indawo: isibonelo, Japan, Madagascar ngisho Brazil!

Ngo-1275 umkhaya ka Polo safinyelela China. Ngawo lowo nyaka befika emzini Shandong, okuyinto kwaku kuyo ehlobo Kublai Khan. EChina, Marco Polo wachitha cishe 17 iminyaka. Waze wakhonza njengephayona umbusi eyodwa esikhathini Yangzhou.

Umndeni kokuhamba eChina kuphela ngo-1291. Ngo-Venice babuyela kunothile izipho nengcebo. Ngalokunjalo, luhambo ka-Marco Polo ku-Asia eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kuka-20. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, wanqoba angu 24 000.

"The Book of Izimangaliso the World"

Lo msebenzi usebhekene emlandweni waso, 57 izinhlelo. Yanyatheliswa ngezilimi ayisishiyagalolunye European! Nakuba kunenkolelo yokuthi umsebenzi zokuqala yalotshwa ngesiFulentshi.

"The Book of Izimangaliso the World" kuhlanganisa izahluko ezine, ngasinye sizinikele ngokwengeziwe lamazwe ngamanye noma izenzakalo:

1. Central Asia naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
2. China.
3. India, eJapane, eCeylon, futhi ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Afrika.
4. Le ngxenye ichaza impi nge amaMongol komakhelwane bawo enyakatho.

Incwadi i-Marco Polo izikhathi eziningi kabusha futhi elicwengiweyo, liyanezela kwezingcezu entsha yonke umbhalo.

Futhi uma lolu hambo?

Abacwaningi abaningi yesimanje embuzweni: kungakhathaliseki uMarco Polo evakashela eMpumalanga Ekude sisonke? Kulesi senzakalo, Frensis Vud ngo-1995 ngisho wanyathelisa incwadi enesihloko esithi: "Ingabe i-Marco Polo ku China ngaya" Kuyo umcwaningi kusikisela ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi umthengisi kwakungelona empumalanga baseLevant. Phela, kwenzeka kanjani ukuba awuboni kodwa ungakulobi emsebenzini wakhe ngezinto ezifana izinti sokhuni, noma uthando okweqile itiye.

Ngaphambili, ngo-1966, uHerbert Franke esihlokweni sakhe wasikisela ukuthi "The Book of Izimangaliso the World" - lutho kodwa sidabukile-off izahluko ezimbalwa manje sekulahlekile Arab Encyclopedia. Kodwa eMpumalanga Ekude, ngokubona usosayensi isiJalimane, Marco Polo akazange hit.

Kodwa, mhlawumbe, Marco Polo namanje wavakashela China. Abameli ukuchaza le nguqulo kukhona ukungqubuzana eziningi encwadini ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: eyokuqala - lena ukuhumusha singenele, kanti eyesibili - eminingi conjectures zabasebenzi ababalayo. Ngamanye amazwi, lapha yena wadlala ingxenye yakhe isimiso 'yocingo ephukile "owaziwa.

Noma kunjalo, i-Marco Polo phakade langena umlando nokwatholakala emhlabeni womhlaba. Igama isihambi libizwa netshe elisemkhathini, inyanga wentaba, uvemvane futhi ibhuloho e-China, nokusolakala ukuthi wabona Marco ekuhambeni kwakhe eMpumalanga.

isiphetho

Okubizwa ngokuthi "Incwadi Izimangaliso the World", ebhalwe isihambi Venetian Marco Polo, isibe umthombo obalulekile wokwazi ezindawo ethnographic Ephakathi. Empeleni, kwaba umsebenzi wokuqala sina, eyethula baseYurophu ukuze East ongaqondakali futhi ezikude.

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi kumaphi amazwe wavakashela i-Marco Polo ekuhambeni kwakhe. Kwaba China, Pamir, Tibet, eMesophothamiya, Kashgar, eCeylon, yeSumatra, nase-Iran.