Ukuqedwa serfdom

ERussia, kodwa phakathi no-umbuzo kanye nezokulima kanye nokutholakala ongumlimi kwekhulu le-19 kwaba inkinga acute kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Kuzo zonke zithi Europe serfdom kwaba khona kuphela ukudala izithiyo yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho. Igcina serfdom zihlotshaniswa izici autocracy. Kusukela ekusungulweni zwe futhi absolutism kuwo, uhulumeni wathembela kuphela izicukuthwane, ngakho waphoqeleka ukuthatha ngenxa yazo zonke izidingo zakhe.

Iziphathimandla eziningi kahulumeni nasezingosini zikahulumeni uvumelana yokuthi serfdom eRussia lihlazo isimo eziphathelene ke yesigaba uthi emuva. Isihloko wenkululeko ongumlimi njalo exoxa ngazo umphakathi ku-18 ngasekupheleni - maphakathi no-19 eminyaka. Ukuqedwa serfdom slavophiles matasa izingqondo baseNtshonalanga, le Decembrists. Umbuzo we wenkululeko ongumlimi wakhuliswa ezinye amasekela we Legislative Commission - Chuprov, Maslov, Polezhaev. Ukuqedwa serfdom nabafundisi ukhathazekile, nezinye olukhulu izishoshovu zomphakathi.

Maphakathi nawo-19 leminyaka kwaqinisa ziye zabangela lapho kubhujiswa lesi izinduna uhlelo izici. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le uhlelo uye abaselona usizo walo, ikakhulukazi kusukela iphuzu kwezomnotho umbono. Ngokusekelwe umsebenzi we serfs, abanikazi bamazwe ukulima ukuncipha. UHulumeni ngalesi simo wayekhathazekile, njengoba ukwesekwa kwabanikazi bamazwe wachitha izindodla zemali.

Ukuqedwa serfdom kwakuyizwe kunesidingo. sesimanje amandla zezimboni kwakunzima ngokuya ongumlimi nokulutheka. Serfdom kwaba isithiyo ekuqongeleleni dolobha eye etshaliwe ekukhiqizeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunzima ukwakha khulula angisebenzi emakethe, ukwandisa ukuthenga amandla sabantu.

Ukuqedwa serfdom kusho kunikela ngalokutsite abalimi inkululeko amalungelo ezakhamuzi. I Manifesto kwavunyelwana ngo-1861, ngo-February 19. Ngaphansi kabusha entsha, umlimi engenza amadili, ukuba ngumnikazi yezakhiwo ezingagudluki kanye ezithathekayo, ukwenza njengenkolo esemthethweni. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abantu bakhululwa eqeqeshwa zomninindawo, ashade ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. Abalimi bavunyelwa ukukhonza futhi ufunde kwamanye amakilasi (zakhamuzi zazenza ingcosana futhi abathengisi).

Serfdom uyekwa Nokho, inkululeko yomuntu siqu ye ongumlimi wawumncane. Ikakhulu, ke ukhathazekile umphakathi kwemvelo. ukuthuthukiswa Onxiwankulu edolobhaneni kwaba ubunikazi nzima ohlanganyelwe umhlaba, kwesisekelo, ngaphandle iziza. Abalimi ngaleso sikhathi kwakungamadodana stratum kwezenhlalo kuphela, ngubani ukhokhe intela yokuvota, ethwele izinsizwa futhi ayikwazanga ziyobhekana zishaywa njengesijeziso.

Izinhlinzeko zoMthetho Ukukhululwa we abalimi lokulawula nokuvunyelwa umhlaba iziza. Nokho, inqubo lolu daba kwesabelo ngoba kukhishwa ogawulelwé kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaphumela ukubeka ongumlimi kwadingeka ozokhokha inani lesihlengo. Yiqiniso, imali akazange abe. Ukuze ukubuyisa kulendawo ukukhulula, isimo akuniké abalimi loan iminyaka engu-49, emelela 80% yenani emasimini. Nokho, ngo-1906, abalimi bona benza ukuqedwa we izinkokhelo wokuhlengwa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngesikhathi babengazazi inikezwe oda 2 mln. Ruble, okuyinto cishe kane ephakeme ukwedlula yangempela emakethe ukubaluleka izwe ngo-1861. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkokhelo abalimi 'ukuba umninindlu babe eside futhi wabeletha okuthiwa isikhathi aphoqelelwe ukuba isimo okuyinto kubuyisiwe kuphela ngo 1881.

Ngokusho besikhathi, izinguquko ongumlimi kwaba umcimbi omkhulu. I Manifesto ezikhishwe abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-30, idale izimo ekuthuthukisweni komnotho wezwe ngaleso sikhathi. Nokho, ukuqedwa serfdom baba ebucayini nzima phakathi umphakathi bese isimo.