Ukuphenya ukwencika ingcindezi lokushisa - akukho lutho okungathenjelwa kulo lula ...

Ukutadisha nezici zabo ezingokomzimba igesi

Umlando ngokusungula izinto zesayensi ngokuvamile iqala neqiniso ukuthi "ilungelo" umuntu endaweni efanele ngesikhathi esifanele. Yilokhu okwenzeka cwaningo amagesi. physics isiFulentshi, umthaki wemithi, unjiniyela Serge Charles balithanda yamabhanoyi. Kule ndaba, kwaba kudingeka sitadishe ngosizo ukwencika ingcindezi lokushisa emoyeni. Yiqiniso, ukushisa bekulokhu ithuluzi lokuqala abacwaningi. Noma kunjalo, onamandla, kulula ukulawula ungumthombo wamandla, futhi njalo ngakwesokunene. Insimbi yolwazi eminingi yasendulo bekulokhu itshe lokuvivinya of "kahle, kahle, ake sibone ukuthi kuzokwenzekani uma sinozwela ukufudumeza, futhi uma wengeza ..." njll

Futhi yini ethakazelisa kangaka ukuthola Charles wamagesi? Sifeza olwakho ucwaningo. Thatha tube ingilazi, ngakolunye uhlangothi ke kuzovala uvalwe bese uhlela ngaphakathi piston okuyinto wela kanye tube. Okulandelayo setha umthombo ukushisa - evamile utshwala isibani - futhi ukuhlomisa laboratory yethu ebhentshini ulinganisa lokushisa nokucindezelwa - kwaba ku ukwencika lokushisa ingcindezi sesikude ukuhlola. Ngakho ake siqale ...

Sine ethile igesi ivolumu iphahlwe isilinda bottomed kanye piston. Lungisa piston podogreem utshwala isibani igesi test. Sibhala inani ingcindezi amagugu PN kanye Tn lokushisa igesi. Ekuhlaziyeni idatha etholwe, sibona ukuthi ukwencika yokucindezela lokushisa kuyinto imvelo ezilinganiselwe - kwanda okwandisa lokushisa nokucindezelwa. Qaphela ukuthi piston is ucindezelwa ezahlukene: ngaphandle - kuyinto asemkhathini, futhi ngaphakathi - kusukela igesi eshubile. Ukuze ukuhlola elilandelayo kuzosusa isamba piston ubone ukuthi piston ihamba zokulinganiswa ingcindezi. Kodwa ngeke ushintshe inani igesi, kanye nenani (isisindo) azishintshile. Thina siphethe ngokuthi wathola Charles: mass njalo futhi ivolumu ingcindezi gas ngqo wakhona lokushisa - umane futhi azwakale kamtoti.

Ngamanye amazwi, ngevolumu njalo, ukwanda ingcindezi Ukushisa, futhi ngomfutho njalo ngenkathi amalahle lemali iyakhula. Ukuze Ballooning kwakusho ukuthi ngesikhathi amalahle emoyeni kusukela sikaphalafini, ke uyakhula begodu umthamo yayo ukwanda, futhi umthamo sphere - akukho. Ngakho, umoya ngokweqile eshiya ibhola kanye ngaphakathi mass umoya esingaphansi nenqwaba ivolumu efanayo umoya kulo kwabavela ngaphandle. Imililo Archimedes 'isimiso, futhi ibhola into ukwenza kodwa ukundiza ukuze kujabule izilaleli.

Nokho, okwatholakala okuphawuleka nakakhulu ukuthi P ingcindezi kanye lokushisa T zihlobene ngu P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 = .... = PN / Tn = const. Lingachazwa ehlukile: P = k * T, lapho k - uhlobo igesi njalo. Uma sisebenzisa lezi ubudlelwane ukuze ngabanye lokushisa amagugu, ingcindezi kanye ivolumu, ungathola constants owaziwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ivolumu igesi luyanda ngesikhathi amalahle-1 Izinga 1/273 yenani kokuqala.

Yiqiniso, isithakazelo esikhulu ukwencika ingcindezi ethile izinto ngesikhathi lokushisa isigaba shintsho, isibonelo, uketshezi igesi. Into abaseduze izifundo yalolu hlobo amanzi. Kwakheka ngaphezu Umhwamuko uhamba is phetho of ukwedlulela kwenani elithile wonke amangqamuzana awuketshezi kusukela imvelo bangaphandle. Lokhu basithiye izici ezimbili - amabutho surface ukungezwani futhi ingcindezi yangaphandle. Uzinqobe angakwazi ukukhokhela kuphela amangqamuzana nge eyanele amandla ezingaba - lokushisa elilingana. Kunezindlela ezimbili ukufezekisa lokhu umthamo yilezi: kungenzeka ukwandisa amandla zishintshe ngamanzi ukushisa noma ukumelana sehliselwe ingcindezi yangaphandle. Indlela yokuqala kuqinisekiswa Eqinisweni eyaziwa - amanzi ukufuthelana iyasha ngokushesha, kanti eyesibili - ekunciphiseni amangqamuzana amandla embundwini kokushiya "umzali" imvelo.

Ake ubuyele emuva laboratory kulungiselelwa yethu. Isikhala ngezansi piston ugcwele amanzi, nje kancane, nje 20-40 g Qaphela ukuthi piston kumele ukuhambisa ngokukhululekile, futhi uhlelo kufanele valve iphutha. Uma amanzi uyabaselwa, umhwamuko kwakhiwa ngeke bayeke piston nokukhululwa uqobo "indawo ilanga." Isikhala ngaphezu piston ukuba ixhunywe supply emoyeni nge ingcindezi variable, isibonelo, setha yesibili piston induku ngesandla ukulawuleka. Manje kungenzeka ukuphenya ukwencika lokushisa ingcindezi umusi. Ukuhambisa piston nenduku, ukushintsha ingcindezi zangaphandle piston kuqala. idatha Intermediate silungise. Kahle iyokuthakazelisa lokushisa umusi ngesikhathi engaguquki, isb azizange zishintshe, okungenani kafushane, okuqondiwe. Uma sidebeselela exchange ukushisa nge imvelo, ukuziphatha umbhangqwana akuyona sihluke kakhulu ukuziphatha igesi ekahle.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, ngisho ngesikhathi isethaphu bakudala ezinjalo kungabonakala nasemkhakheni kwencika iphuzu abilayo yokucindezelwa. Khumbula ukuthi okuthiwa abilayo inguqulelo uketshezi umusi kumiswa Bubbles lonke ivolumu ketshezi. Ngakho ukulungisa ngamathumba kalula kakhulu. Nalapha futhi iyakhula ingcindezi, uketshezi ukubila lokushisa ukwanda, ngakho-ke, kulula ukuze engaqaliwe ukuze zibonise isimanga iqhinga - amanzi abilayo ezingeni lokushisa 80 kuphela degrees Celsius noma ubonakala kuphambene ingqondo, ezingaphezu kuka okufanayo degrees 110 Celsius.

Lokho kungenxa yokuthi nangemva kokucwaninga ukuziphatha igesi, umusi lapho zihlatshwa ukufudumeza imithombo ngale ndaba, esikhathini sokuphela, futhi ukushisa izinjini ezihlukahlukene ziye zabangelwa: injini umusi, injini ephathekayo, injini, le yangaphakathi omlilo engine. Futhi bambalwa bayazi ukuthi amazibulo phakathi kwabo, yebo, okufanele ibhekwe njengelungelo ibhaluni.