Igesi ephelele

Kuyaziwa ukuthi zonke izinto endalweni ube zabo isimo wokuhlanganisa, omunye okuyinto igesi. Izingxenye izinhlayiya - molecule ama-athomu - kuthiwa zishiyane ngaphandle buqamama. Nokho, zingabantu njalo ukunyakaza khulula. Le mpahla ibonisa ukuthi ukuxhumana izinhlayiya kwenzeka ngesikhathi Kuhlangana kuphela, kakhulu okwandisa ijubane yezinhlayiya zingashayisani kanye nosayizi yabo. Lesi simo gaseous kwendaba esihlukile okuqinile futhi uketshezi.

Igama elithi "Ukhona" ngesiGreki kuzwakala "nezinxushunxushu." Lokhu ephawula kahle ukuhamba izinhlayiya, okuyinto okungahleliwe ngempela futhi ayihlelekile. Le gesi ingeyona surface ocacile, ugcwalisa wawuqeda wonke lo mqulu etholakalayo kuye. isimo esinjalo kwendaba - okuvame kakhulu endaweni yonke.

Imithetho ukucacisa izakhiwo kanye ukuziphatha izinto ezinjalo, futhi ukuze bahlanganise le elula cabanga ngesibonelo esimweni lapho kwabantu eyisihlobo amangqamuzana futhi ama-athomu uphansi. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "igesi enhle". It ibanga phakathi izinhlayiya mkhulu engaba nokuxhumana aphakathi kwamangqamuzana.

Ngakho, i-gas ekahle - umfuziselo ezincwadini ndaba lapho cishe akukho ukuxhumana izinhlayiya. Ngaye, izimo ezilandelayo kumele ibe khona:

1. usayizi encane kakhulu ye-molecule.

2. Akukho mandla nokuxhumana phakathi kwabo.

3. Ukushayisana kwenzeka njengoba ukushayisana amabhola nokunwebeka.

Isibonelo esihle salokhu isimo amagesi impahla kungenziwa ngokuthi lapho ingcindezi ezingeni lokushisa ongaphakeme ingeqi izikhathi 100 ozungeze umhlaba wethu. Basuke ubalwe njengenye esibhedlela.

Umqondo "ekahle igesi" isayensi esenze sakwazi ukwakha ithiyori yamangqamuzana-kinetic, ogama okutholakele ziqinisekiswa ucwaningo eziningi. Ngokwale mfundiso kukhona amagesi ezahlukene ekahle zakudala quantum.

Izici wokuqala kubonakala imithetho physics classical. I motion izinhlayiya in the gas izimele yomunye nomunye, ukucindezela kwendikimba ku odongeni ilingana isamba pulses ukuthi adluliswa ngaso ngabanye molecule ukushayisana isikhathi esithile. amandla wabo isamba kuhlanganiswe izinhlayiya ngabanye. Umsebenzi igesi enhle kuleli cala ibalwa Clapeyron kwesibalo p = nkT. Isibonelo esimangalisayo lena imithetho etholakala ososayensi ngokomzimba ezifana Boyle-Mariotte, Gay-Lussac, Charles.

Uma izinga lokushisa igesi ekahle kwehlisa noma kwandisa kwabantu kuyizinhlayiyana ukuze inani elithile, kwandisa wave yayo izakhiwo. A shintsho kuvela quantum igesi, lapho yamaza zama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane ifaniswe ne ibanga elibahlukanisile. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-gas enhle:

1. Kufundzisa Bose Einstein izinhlayiya kolunye uhlobo kukhona inamba spin.

2. Fermi futhi Dirac izibalo: uhlobo oluhlukile molecule babe nengxenye-inamba spin.

Ngokungafani classic igesi enhle kusukela quantum wukuthi ngisho at ngokuphelele zero lokushisa ukubaluleka kwabantu amandla futhi yaba ngaphansi kwengcindezi engafani zero. Ziba ezinkudlwana ukuminyana okwandisa. Kulokhu, izinhlayiya nomkhawulo (elinye igama - umngcele) amandla. Kule umbono, isakhiwo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela izinkanyezi kulezo lapho inhlanganiso lingaphezulu 1-10 kg / cm3, umthetho-electron evelele. Lapho lidlula 109kg / cm3, into ibe izinzwa.

Ngo izinsimbi, ukusetshenziswa theory lapho classical igesi ekahle ludlulele ngaphakathi lo quantum, okusizayo ekuchazeni iningi izakhiwo metallic of isimo ndaba: izinhlayiya luthe ukuqina, sisondelene nalo mqondo.

Lapho uzwakalise kakhulu okushisa aphansi izinto ezahlukene uthi liquid okuqinile ukunyakaza collective yezinhlayiya kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento igesi umsebenzi enhle emelelwa excitations ababuthakathaka. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umnikelo kusabonakala amandla omzimba, okuyinto yengezwe izinhlayiya.