Metal izakhiwo izakhi zamakhemikhali

Ngezinye isayensi ekhona uyazi eyikhulu nanhlanu izakhi zamakhemikhali, eyabekwa ngesimo ishadi lesikhathi. Iningi lawo kubhekiselwa kulo insimbi, okusho khona kwalezi makhemikhali izimfanelo ezikhethekile. Lokhu okuthiwa izakhiwo metallic. Lezi zimo zokuma, ngokuyinhloko plasticity ahlobene, kukhuphuke conductivity ezishisayo kukagesi, akwazi ukwakha inhlobo Alloys, ongaphakeme ionization ukubaluleka ezingaba khona.

izakhiwo Metallic i-elementi ngenxa ikhono ukuzulazula kwama-athomu uma kwenzeka ukuxhumana izakhiwo athomu nezinye izakhi esiqondisweni sabo ukuba azixoshe electron amafu noma "ukunikeza" nabo electron zabo khulula. I izinsimbi ezimatasa yilezo ongaphakeme ionization amandla futhi electronegativity. Futhi liphinyiselwe izakhiwo metallic sici for izakhi kokuba engaba amakhulu e-athomu ngangokunokwenzeka futhi incane kakhulu inombolo zangaphandle (Valence) electron.

Njengoba Valence electron orbit ukugcwalisa inani olwelwesini we-athomu isakhiwo ukwanda, futhi engaba incipha ngokufanele. Kule ndaba, ama-athomu aqale ukufuna uxhumano electron khulula kunase bebuyile. Metal izakhiwo izakhi ezifana ukuthola ukuthambekela wehlise, kanye metallic yabo izakhiwo - ukwandisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nge okwandisa engaba-athomu kukhona ezikhulayo metal izakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, isici isici esivelele zonke insimbi kukhona lokho okubizwa ngokuthi izinga umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo - ikhono athomu esifanayo ukunikeza electron khulula.

Lokhu ibonakala kahle kakhulu lapho izakhiwo metallic izakhi yinto yokuqala, iqembu wesibili subgroups eyinhloko ishadi lesikhathi, kanye alikhali futhi ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi. Kodwa izimfanelo ezinamandla kakhulu okubuyisela waphawula eFrance imvelo yasemanzini - in lithium ngenxa izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu hydration amandla.

Isibalo izakhi lapho izakhiwo metallic avele phakathi kwesikhathi kwanda isibalo isikhathi. Esikhathini ishadi lesikhathi izinsimbi kusukela nonmetals kuhlukaniswa umugqa idayagonali osuka boron ukuze astatine. Ngenxa yalesi umugqa kuhlukane zitholakala izakhi evelayo ngokulinganayo labo nezinye izimfanelo. Lezi izinto zihlanganisa silicon, i-arsenic, boron, germanium, astatine, antimony futhi tellurium. Leli qembu izakhi ngokuthi metalloids.

isikhathi ngasinye libhekene uhlobo "umngcele zone" lapho izakhi ahlelwe ne izakhiwo ezimbili. Ngakho-ke, ushintsho kusuka metal a nonmetal evelele ejwayelekile eyenziwa kancane kancane, njengoba kubonakala ishadi lesikhathi.

izakhiwo Jikelele izakhi zensimbi (okusezingeni eliphezulu conductivity kagesi, conductivity ezishisayo Ductility isici ayebuthaka, ductility, njll.) ngenxa yokufana kwezingubo isakhiwo sabo sangaphakathi, noma ngaphezulu ngokunembile - khona eheleni crystal. Nokho, zikhona eziningi izindawo (ukuminyana, ubulukhuni, encibilika lokushisa), okuyinto nika zonke izinsimbi luyingxenye ngabanye physico-chemical izakhiwo. Lezi zimo zokuma zincike isakhiwo crystal ngehele ngayinye isici ngabanye.