Uyini kwamazinyo-alpha

Namuhla sizoxoxa ngalokho kusho ukubola-alpha futhi zingachazwa ngokoMthetho eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma classical kanye nehlukile kanjani. Ukuba khona kulomhlaba kuphela sibonga kungenzeka yokuthi isakhiwo okuyinto iyiphi into, ifa ukuzinza okwanele. Amandla okubophela ndawonye izinhlayiya e athomu, ziyisisekelo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba khona indawo yonke. onobuhle yamanje amadivayisi e-athomu ungavumeli kuphela ukwakha imithetho, kodwa futhi ukuchaza eziningi izenzakalo waphawula we microworld. Njengengxenye imodeli kwamaplanethi maphakathi athomu ngalinye iqembu eliyinhloko elakha, okubandakanya ama-proton kanye neutrons ngamasheya alinganayo. Inani labantu okufanele lifinyelelwe proton, neutron nama-electron imelelwa 1: 1: 1. Lokhu unganakile kubonakala ekwenzekeni kwento engenakwenzeka empeleni lokhu ubuhlobo is phetho imithetho ukudalwa ukhiye: kagesi ophethe electron ilingana -1, i-proton 1 futhi neutrons, ngokuba inyunyana yezingxenye ezimbili ezincane oppositely icala ilinganiselwa kagesi kokungathathi hlangothi (ngenhlanhla , kungakho igama).

Ngenxa Coulomb amabutho proton nucleus dudula nomunye, kodwa counterbalancing ukuxhumana namandla nokubamba izinhlayiya ndawonye. Uyini kwamazinyo-alpha? Mshini nesenzakalo yayo sisobala: Uma ama-proton ungasuki nomunye, amandla iba elektroottalkivaniya emikhulu ukuxhumana namandla eholela kumiswa nuclei lighter izinhlayiya. Izizathu distancing kokuqala ahlukahlukene - kungaba kokubili amathonya zangaphandle kanye nezici isakhiwo yenuzi (entropy isici).

Ukuwa emhlabeni

Kuze 1896 kukholakala ukuthi ama-athomu kukhona indivisible, kanye nesakhiwo nobuntu iyiphi into ethile ngamunye. Kodwa Becquerel (ngezinye izikhathi obizwa 'uRutherford), owayefundelwa uranium nosawoti, wathola lo mkhuba radioactivity kuka yabalingisi ukungabaza eziningi zezinkolelo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela athomu isikhathi. Alpha kwamazinyo kuyinto ekushayweni izinhlayiya kahle icala - nuclei ane-helium-4. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le nqubo libhekene ngokuyinhloko nuclei of Izakhi ezisindayo. Omunye izici-alpha kuyizinhlayiyana kuyinto ukushaja kabili omuhle. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isakhiwo electron amabili azikho. Icala Imininingwane lapho lokhu kutholakala ukuthi ezimbili. Alpha kwamazinyo wafunda 'uRutherford. Okunqumayo ukuthi isakhiwo kuyizinhlayiyana enjalo (2 + 2 proton neutron) asishintshi neze futhi kwakuthiwa kakhulu nezinye nuclei kwakuyodingeka ukuba nihlukane izinhlayiya okunjalo futhi nuclei izakhi ukuxegiselwa. Nokho, lokhu akwenzeki. URutherford wasikisela ukuthi noma iluphi ushintsho yenuzi kungenzeka kuphela uma lingena kuwo helium ama-athomu (-alpha izinhlayiya) noma ama-electron ephezulu amandla (i-beta izinhlayiya). Ngemva kwalokho, ukuqinisekisile, kodwa kwathatha iminyaka eyishumi ucwaningo kanye nokwethulwa imiqondo emisha emkhakheni quantum Mechanics - emhubheni okuhlangana kuyo.

izithiyo ukunqoba

Njengoba kuboniswe ngenhla, isakhiwo esitebeleni --alpha nezinhlayiya. Shaja ngayo zivela MeV 2 kuya ku-10. Ukuze likwazi ukungena base ye-athomu, kumele sinqobe amandla ka umuzwa wokwenyanya kagesi (kusukela proton abakhona nucleus futhi kuyizinhlayiyana). Lona isithiyo efanayo ngemva ukudlula okuyinto isiqala kakade ezizotholakala amandla intranuclear gravity. microworld imithetho bengafani evamile zethu, ngakho-kwezinye izimo ukuya ogangeni, akudingekile ukuba alibhubhise. Singena emhubheni okuhlangana kungase yokunqoba isithiyo esibangwa. I ezincane umehluko phakathi amandla kuyizinhlayiyana futhi izindleko ukudlula, ayanda amathuba sokunqoba okunyanyekayo. Ukuze nuclei kakhulu amathuba okuba kube okuhlangana Umhubhe incane ukuze bakwazi kubhekwe zokwakheka esitebeleni. Abanye, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ukuvumela Ukungena ngaphandle (futhi ngaphakathi outflow) alpha izinhlayiya.