Covalent isibopho

Ngokokuqala ngqá umqondo ezifana bamakhemikhali covalent isibopho wakhuluma emva kuvulwa Gilbert Newton Lewis, wachaza isibopho njengoba komphakathi we-electron ezimbili. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje Okuningi baye wazichaza covalent isibopho isimiso. Igama kungase kubhekwe njengokuvamile covalent-chemistry njengokukhombisa ikhono ingxenye athomu izibopho namanye ama-athomu.

Nasi isibonelo:

Kukhona ama-athomu amabili nomehluko omncane e electronegativity (C no CL, C no-H). Ngokuvamile, lokhu athomu, isakhiwo igobolondo electron okuyinto ikhipha eduze ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze igobolondo electron we amagesi inert.

Lapho mibandela zenzeka Luhambo nuclei lezi ama-athomu pair electron, ezivamile ngabo. Kulokhu, amafu electron musa nje idlulela, njengasezulwini kunenze nisondelane ionic. Covalent isibopho inikeza ukuxhumana okuphephile kwe-athomu amabili ngenxa yokuthi kwabantu electron is isabalaliswe futhi amandla kohlelo washintsha, okuyinto kubangelwa "ukuhoxa" emkhathini internuclear eyodwa electron ifu lomunye athomu. I ethe xaxa ezedlulayo mutual kwamafu electron, uxhumano ubhekwa okuhlala isikhathi eside.

Ngakho, isibopho covalent - imfundo, esadaleka ngokusebenzisa komphakathi mutual electron ezimbili okuqondene athomu amabili.

Njengomthetho, kwakheka izinto nge ngehele yamangqamuzana is ngesibopho covalent. Isici ukwakheka kwama-molecule kuthiwa encibilika futhi abilayo ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi, abampofu solubility amanzi ongaphakeme conductivity kagesi. Ngakho singaphetha ngokuthi isakhiwo ngesisekelo izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi germanium, i-silicon chlorine, i-hydrogen, - isibopho covalent.

Izakhiwo ukuthi ayisibonelo salolu hlobo kwakwakhe:

1. Gcwalisa isikhala. Ngaphansi kwalo impahla ngokuvamile babeqonda njengoba inombolo enkulu abaxhumene bakwazi ukusungula ama-athomu ethize. Okunqumayo inani ngakho inani eliphelele lalabo orbitals e athomu kungenzeka baneqhaza kumiswa izibopho zamakhemikhali. I valency ye-athomu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungenzeka kunqunywa inani kakade asetshenziselwe le nhloso orbitals.
2. Ukuma. Zonke athomu bathambekele yakha eziqine lobusedvute. amandla Maximum kufinyelelwa esimweni kuqondana orientation kwezendawo amafu electron ukuzulazula kwama-athomu amabili, njengoba angezukuhambisana nomunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto impahla covalent isibopho njengoba ukuma inomthelela ilungiselelo kwezendawo molecule of udaba eziphilayo, ukuthi unesibopho "ukuma yejeyomethri" yabo.
3. Polarizability. Kulesi isikhundla okusekelwe embonweni wokuthi kukhona nokuxhumanisa covalent ezimbili zama:

• polar noma non-izinhlangothi zazo ziyalingana. Ukuxhumana yalolu hlobo ingase yakha kuphela athomu izinhlobo ezahlukene, isb yalabo abanhliziyo electronegativity siyahluka kakhulu, noma ezimweni lapho Imininingwane electron pair asymmetrically ihlukaniswe.
• nonpolar covalent isibopho kwenzeka phakathi ama-athomu carbon, i-electronegativity okuyinto cishe kulingana, kanye nokusabalalisa electron kwabantu kwaba iyunifomu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, zikhona izici ezithile ambalwa of covalent isibopho:

• Amandla esibophezelayo. Lokhu ipharamitha ephawula ubuhlobo polar ngokuya ngamandla alo. Ngaphansi amandla ehloselwe inani ukushisa ukuthi kwakudingeka ziqede ukuhlobana kwemikhosi athomu amabili, kanye nenani ukushisa ukuthi kwabelwe at kwalapho yabo.
• Ngaphansi isibopho ubude kanye ne-chemistry yamangqamuzana libhekisela ubude umugqa phakathi nuclei ukuzulazula kwama-athomu amabili. Lokhu ipharamitha ephawula amandla isibopho naye.
• I dipole isikhashana - eliningi okuyinto ephawula polarity ngesibopho Valence.