Okutholwe yisayensi nokwasungulwa Ephakathi. Isayensi Ephakathi

Century, ubizwa ngokuthi kusho emlandweni wezwe ngalinye ukuthatha izinkathi ezahlukene. Ngokuvamile, njengoba umthetho, ngale ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi V igebe ngekhulu xv, bala it kusuka 476, lapho kuwa eMbusweni waseRoma oseNtshonalanga.

Usiko endulo abhubha ngaphansi ukumelana bakhona. Lona omunye izizathu zokuthi kungani Ephakathi, kaningi ukubizwa ngokuthi amnyama noma zizimbi. Kanye Damping okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma wanyamalala nokukhanya isizathu futhi ubuhle yobuciko. Nokho, okutholwe yisayensi nokwasungulwa Ephakathi - i ubufakazi kakhulu ukuthi ngisho siyisinqumo esinzima kunazo zonke izikhathi esintwini ekwazile ukugcina ulwazi oluyigugu, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukisa kubo. Ngokwengxenye lokhu kwakubangelwa ubuKristu, kodwa ingxenye enkulu ngentuthuko zasendulo zagcinwa sibonga ososayensi Arab.

Lower Empire

Isayensi Ephakathi, ngokuyinhloko ithuthukiswe zezindela. Ngemuva kokuwa eRoma, onalo tikuhlakanipha baba eByzantium, lapho ngesikhathi the Christian Church odlale obalulekile, kuhlanganise indima zezombusazwe. Esikhathini imitapo waseConstantinople zezindela walilondoloza imisebenzi zezazi esivelele IGrisi NeRoma. IziNyathelo kwekhulu IX, uMbhishobhi Leo wezibalo enikelwe isikhathi esiningi. Umyeni wakhe wayephakathi ososayensi lokuqala abaye ukusebenzisa izinhlamvu njengezifanekiselo zezibalo, okuyiyona ebamba ilungelo ukumbiza omunye wabasunguli algebra.

On insimu bababhali zezindela ukudala amakhophi imisebenzi lasendulo, amazwana. Mathematics, okuyinto ngaphansi nemengamo zabo, kwakheka isisekelo izakhiwo futhi wenza kwenzeka ukuba ukwakhiwa isampula ezifana yobuciko WaseByzantium, njengoba ibandla Hagia Sophia.

Kukhona isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi baseByzantium wadala ibalazwe, baya iChina neNdiya, kwaba nolwazi lwesifundo wesayensi yempilo yezilwane. Nokho, namuhla iningi ulwazi mayelana nesimo, awasalayo isayensi Ephakathi ensimini ka Eastern uMbuso WaseRoma, asiyazi. Yena ungcwatshwa emanxiweni amadolobha, Njalo sibhekana ukuhlaselwa isitha ngesikhathi yoMbuso WaseByzantium.

Isayensi emazweni Arab

Abaningi ulwazi yasendulo iye yathuthukiswa ngaphandle Europe. Arab sompristi, okuyinto ithuthukiswe ngaphansi kwethonya isiko lasendulo, empeleni wasindisa ulwazi hhayi kuphela kusukela namaqaba, kodwa futhi ebandleni, okuyinto, nakuba evumayo ekulondolozweni ukuhlakanipha ezigodlweni, kodwa wamukela, hhayi yonke imisebenzi yesayensi, efuna azivikele Ukungena uyimbuka. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile lona ulwazi lasendulo, kulekelelwa futhi elibuyekeziwe, wabuyela e-Europe.

On endaweni Arab sompristi Ephakathi itfutfukise omkhulu wesayensi: geography, ifilosofi, ulwazi ngezinkanyezi, izibalo yokukhanya, isayensi.

Izinombolo nokunyakaza amaplanethi

Astronomy isekelwe phezu "Almagest" indatshana lukaPtolemy abadumile. Kazi igama umsebenzi usosayensi wathola ngemva kokuba ezihunyushelwe Arabhu bese babuyela-Europe. izazi zezinkanyezi ezingama-Arabhu ungazange nje ulondoloze ulwazi ngesiGreki, kodwa futhi ukwandisa kubo. Ngakho, babecabanga ukuthi umhlaba uyindilinga, futhi bakwazi ulinganise arc we Meridian, ukubala Usayizi iplanethi. Izazi ezingama-Arabhu awunika igama eziningi izinkanyezi, ngaleyo ndlela ekwandiseni nezincazelo "Almagest". Ngaphezu kwalokho, emadolobheni amaningi amakhulu Bakha Observatory.

Medieval Arabhu okwatholwa nokwasungulwa emkhakheni wezibalo, nabo bebekhona ngempela ebanzi. Lokho emazweni Islamic kuvela algebra futhi trigonometry. Ngisho igama elithi "sibalo" kuyinto asuka kuyisi-Arabhu ( "Cipher" lisho ukuthi "u-zero").

ubudlelwane ukuhweba

Izinto eziningi ezitholwe ososayensi nokwasungulwa Ephakathi, ama-Arabhu abangu lathathwa abantu nabo njalo adayiswa. Ngokusebenzisa amazwe Islamic eYurophu kusukela ngaphandle kwelaseNdiya neChina kwakungamadodana ikhampasi, Umsizi, ephepheni. Arabhu, ngaphezu kwalokho, incazelo uthi which they kwakudingeka ahambe, futhi wahlangana nabantu, kuhlanganise lwamaSlav.

Amazwe Arab aye aba umthombo ukushintsha kwamasiko. Kukholakala ukuthi lapha yasungulwa ekuphambukeni. On endaweni uthi Islamic yena abokuqala wayiyisa eByzantium, futhi kamuva e -Western Europe.

isayensi Theological nowezwe

okutholwe yisayensi nokwasungulwa Ephakathi ensimini ka Christian Europe uvele ikakhulukazi emizini yamaLoma. Ekhulu VIII, ulwazi lweqiniso, okuyinto alalelwa, ukhathazekile imibhalo engcwele kanye amaqiniso. isayensi zezwe waqala ukufundiswa ezikoleni ngesikhathi sesonto phakathi nokubusa noKarla Velikogo kuphela. Grammar kanye mpendulo, ukufunda izinkanyezi, logic, izibalo kanye geometry, kanye umculo (okubizwa ngokuthi ubuciko eziyisikhombisa ovulekile) ekuqaleni itholakala kuphela ukwazi, kodwa kancane kancane waqala ukusakaza imfundo kuwo wonke amazinga emphakathini. Ekuqaleni esigodlweni esikoleni XI leminyaka baqala siguqulwe amanyuvesi. zikole babe kancane kancane eFrance, e-England, Czech Republic, Spain, Portugal, Poland.

umnikelo Special ekuthuthukiseni isayensi kufanele sezibalo Fibonacci, isazi semvelo Witelo indela Rodzher Bekon. Lesi sakamuva, ikakhulukazi lapho ecabanga ukuthi Isivinini yokukhanya ezilinganiselwe futhi banamathela hypothesis, siseduzane tiyori wave esiphelweni.

Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela inexorable kwenchubekelembili

okutholakele Technical nokwasungulwa ekhulwini XI-XV wanika emhlabeni eziningi, ngaphandle okuyinto ngeke kwenzeke ukuba sifinyelele ezingeni kwenqubekela phambili, okuyinto sici lwesintu namuhla. Kuba izindlela ezingcono yamanzi futhi windmills. Esikhundleni isikhathi insimbi, isilinganiso, kwafika iwashi. Esikhathini XII wabahloli ekhulwini waqala ukusebenzisa ikhampasi orientation. Umsizi yasungulwa eChina ekhulwini VI futhi Kulethe ama-Arabhu, waqala ukudlala indima ebalulekile-European nomkhankaso wempi kuphela ekhulwini XIV, lapho yasungulwa futhi isibhamu.

Ekhulwini XII, baseYurophu nabo bahlangana ephepheni. tinchubo Ivuliwe, senziwa ngezinto ezihlukahlukene efanelekayo. Ngo parallel, ukuthuthukisa isitayela seshidi (ukhuni umbhalo), okuyinto kancane kancane sekuthathelwe indawo yokunyathelisa. ukubukeka baKhe eYurophu kuhlehlela emuva ekhulwini xv.

Inventions nokunye okuye kwatholwa isayensi kwekhulu le-17, kanye zonke okwalandela isekelwe impumelelo lezazi ephakathi. imfuno Alchemical, uzama ukuthola emaphethelweni emhlabeni, Isifiso sokulondoloza ifa endala kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka inqubekela phambili isintu Yempucuko futhi ezikhathini zanamuhla. okutholwe yisayensi nokwasungulwa Ephakathi nesandla ekwakhiweni zezwe lethu ajwayelekile. Yingakho, mhlawumbe, kungaba okungalungile ukubiza le nkathi yomlando ngendlela engenathemba ongenathemba, ukukhumbula kuphela iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki nezinkantolo nemfundiso yenkolo yesikhathi.