Kuyini isimo samaSulumane? AmaSulumane athi: izinhlobo, izici

Umlando wokuvela kwesimo samaSulumane uhlobene ngokungahambisani nokukholwa okufanayo. Lesi siqondiso senkolo sabonakala ngenxa yemisebenzi yomprofethi Muhammad.

Iziqalo

AmaSulumane aphakama ngekhulu le-6th-7. Wamemezela futhi wavuma izindinganiso zokuziphatha zomphakathi, ukulingana phakathi kwabo bonke amaSulumane, benqabela ukuchithwa kwegazi nobudlova phakathi kwabantu. Wonke amandla, ngokusho kwalesi siqondiso senkolo, anikezwe ezandleni zomProfethi.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abalandeli bamaSulumane baba njalo. Lezi zihlanganisa inqwaba yezakhamuzi zase-Peninsula yase - Arabia. Kule nxushunxushu, inkinga yezihlobo ezihlelekile kanye nokulawulwa kwendawo yonke phezu kwalabo abathintekayo kulezi ziqondiso zenkolo kwavela. Umprofethi Muhammad washesha ngokushesha ukubhekana nesisombululo sale nkinga. Waba lowo mholi ongashadile oholele abathembekile endleleni ekhanyayo ka Allah.

Ngemva kokufa kuka Muhammad, abahluleli bakhe baba amaCaliph. Bangabalandeli bamaSulumane, abathatha indawo yomprofethi. Imisebenzi yabo yayihlanganisa nokusebenzisa amandla kahulumeni phezu kwabo bonke amaSulumane.

Izinhloso ezimbi

Emva kokufa kuka Muhammad, umqondo wokuqhuba "impi engcwele" waqala ukuthola amandla. Futhi lokhu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i jihad ekuqaleni yayisetshenziselwa izinhloso zokuzivikela kuphela. Kamuva kuphela okwenzeke kancane kancane ibe yinto yokuzithoba kanye nokuthunjwa kwabangakholwayo. Ukwakhiwa okwesikhashana, okwakubhubhisa uCaliph kwaqala. Isici esivela esifundazweni kule nqubo kwakuyi-Islam.

Ukulinganisa

I-Arabhiya yase-United States, iningi labantu labo abalandela ukholo lwe-Muslim, selivele lisuka engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-7. Iqala ukulwa izimpi. Ama-Arabhu athola iGibhithe neSiriya, iPalestina ne-Iran. Basakaza amandla phezu kwensimu yeNyakatho Afrika, ezindaweni eziseningizimu yeSpain, e-Central Asia naseTranscaucasus. Ngenxa yezimpi zokunqoba, kwavela umbuso omkhulu wamaSulumane, owaziwa ngokuthi yi-Arab Caliphate. Inhloko yalowo mandla omkhulu kwakuyiBaghdad. Inani elikhulu lama-Arabians lahlala emazweni ahlala kuwo.

Lesi simiso samaSulumane esimisweni sayo sezombangazwe sigcine izici zenceku, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo saqala ukukhukhuma saba yisimo sombuso. Izindawo ezinkulu zamazwe anqotshwe kwakuyizindawo zombuso. Abasebenzi kubalimi babo baphoqeleka ukuba bakhokhe intela, bebafanise nabanikazi befa.

Isakhiwo sikaHulumeni

Ifomu lobukhosi lobukhosi lwenzeka phakathi kwe-Caliphate. Esimweni kwakukhona inhloko yezwe neyomoya. Wayengumbhali. Isici esibalulekile sobukhosi obukhona bekungukuhlanganiswa kwamandla angokomoya nokuphila komuntu oyedwa. Yingakho isimo samaSulumane se-Caliphate singahle sibhekiswe kwi-feudal-theocratic. Indima ebalulekile phakathi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni eziphezulu zanikezwa i-Vizier. Ukubaluleka okukhulu ku-Caliphate kwatholakala ngama-sofas afundisiwe.

Izinhloko zezifunda zombuso zaziyi-emirs. Bamiswa yi-caliph. Ngemuva kokungafani kwamanye amazwe, ama-emirs amaningi abe ababusi abazimele.

Esikhathini sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwesimo esinjalo njengoCalphate, inkolo nomthetho bahlangene nanye. Umthombo omkhulu womthetho yi-Koran. Umbhali walo nguMprofethi Muhammad. Umthetho wamaSulumane wawubizwa ngokuthi "Sharia", okusho ukuthi "indlela eqondile". Kwakungeyona nje imfundiso yenkolo kuphela. I-Caliphate yamaSulumane yaqopha kulokhu kubhala imithetho yezomthetho, yomthetho, neyomthetho.

Kwakukhona ukuqoqwa kwezinganekwane ngezahlulelo zikaM Muhammad, kanye nemisebenzi efaka phakathi ukuhumusha kwabenzi bomthetho wamaSulumane. Lezi zincwadi zenziwe njengesengezo eKoran. Zisetshenziswa futhi manje ngezikhala emthethweni okhona.

I-Caliphate yamaSulumane yayinezici ezifanayo zesici. Kwakungekho ukuhlukana phakathi kwezinkambiso zenkolo, zomthetho nezokuziphatha. Babeyinkimbinkimbi eyodwa.

I-Caliphate yamaSulumane isikhathi eside igcine ubunikazi bomhlaba wonke umhlaba. Noma kunjalo, ubudlelwane obusakhulayo buye bashintsha le divayisi. Indawo yangasese yaqala ukuvela.

Yisiphi isimo esingabhekwa njengamaSulumane?

AmaSulumane awazange alahle amandla awo emazweni amaningi. Kuyini isimo samaSulumane namuhla? Leli zwe lisekelwe ku-Islam. Le mkhuba wezenkolo iyimfundiso yomphakathi wonke. I-Sharia yiyona script enkulu, eqondiswa isimo samaSulumane. Leli dokhumenti equkethe izakhi zomthethosisekelo, ezokuphatha nezomthetho, zomthetho nezomndeni.

Umqondo wamaSulumane wokwakha umbuso uhlukile ngefomu laseWestern. Okokuqala, kusekelwe emithethweni ehlanganiswe nguMprofethi Muhammad. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudingekile ukuphawula, ku-Islam kunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo zezakhiwo zikahulumeni.

I-classical theory yamaSulumane yaqhubekela phambili imfundiso yayo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi abalandeli bezimfundiso zomprofethi Muhammad abakwazi ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezizwe. Ngokwale nkolo, amaSulumane angama-ummah angenakuhlukaniswa. Imibuso ekhona ebalazweni lezombusazwe zomhlaba, isibonelo, iMalaysia noma i-United Arab Emirates, ngokombono wamaSulumane, ayiyona inyunyana yezizwe kodwa ithi. Lokhu kusho futhi umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwala mazwe kusukela ngendlela ehambisana ngayo inhlangano eWestern Europe.

Izinhlobo zamaSulumane

Lo mqondo usondelene nombuso wezomthetho wesentshonalanga. Amazwe angamaSulumane angaba ngama-sultanate kanye nama-emirates, ama-caliphat futhi agcizelela. Zonke lezi zinhlobo zamazwe aseMuslim zibhekene nezindlela zabo kanye nezindlela zikahulumeni. Ngakho-ke, amazwe aseSultanate yilokho amandla angabokuzalwa kukaSultan. Uhulumeni onjalo uthuthukile ngokomlando. I-sultanates yezwe ebalazweni lezombusazwe zanamuhla yi-Oman, e-Arabia, naseBrunei, eseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia.

Umbuso wamaSulumane wasendulo kakhulu yiSultanate wase-Oman. Yadalwa ngekhulu lesithathu, kanti phakathi kwesikhombisa kwaba yingxenye ye-Arab Caliphate. Insimu yase-Oman isendaweni esempumalanga ye-Peninsula yase-Arabia. Ngalesi simo semingcele ye-Saudi Arabia, iRiphabhulikhi yase-Yemen nama-Emirates Arab. Ngo-1970, uSultan Qaboos bin Said waba yinhloko ka-Oman.

I-sultanate yaseBrunei yindawo encane yamaSulumane. Imephu ye-Southeast Asia izosikhombisa indawo yayo. Itholakala eBrunei esifundeni esenyakatho esiqhingini saseBorneo. Lo mbuso wakhiwa ngekhulu lesithupha. Ezinsukwini zakudala, kwakubhekwa njengesizinda senkambiso yamaSulumane. Kuze kube manje, lesi simiso singenye yezinto ezicebile kunazo zonke emhlabeni, futhi i-sultan yayo iluhlu lwabantu abacebile kakhulu emhlabeni.

Kunamazwe amancane amaSulumane lapho amandla angokwamazibulo ka-emir noma kumholi okhethiwe. Babizwa ngokuthi ama-emirates. Ukuziqhenya kwezizwe ezinjalo ubukhulu babo obukhulu. Zibhekwa njengezinyathelo zangempela, zikhonza ngenjongo yokuvuselelwa kobuqili.

Kusukela ngo-September 1919, i-North Caucasus Emirate yayikhona ensimini yeWestern Dagestan neChechnya. Kusukela ngo-March 1920, lo mbuso wamaSulumane waba yingxenye ye-RSFSR.
Kodwa i-UAE ibuswa ngumongameli. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, i- United Arab Emirates yinkampani ehlanganisa ama-emirates ayisikhombisa. Zilawulwa yi-emirs.

Uhlobo olulandelayo lwesizwe samaSulumane yi-Imam. Lapha umholi ungumholi wenkolo ongokomoya. Bambiza ngokuthi u-Imam. Lolu hlobo lwesistimu yezombangazwe nezenhlalakahle lubhekiswe ezimfundisweni ezilandelayo zamaShiite. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amandla kahulumeni anikezwa umlingiswa womhlaba jikelele (ngokufana ne-Caliphate).

Ebalazweni lezwe lezwe kusukela ngo-1829 kuya ku-1859. Kwakukhona isimo se-Imamat Shamil. Itholakala ensimini ye-Chechnya yosuku lwamanje ne-Dagestan. Lesi simo samaSulumane saqedwa nguMbuso waseRussia. Ukuchuma okukhulu kuleli zwe kwafika ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Imam Shamil, okwaba ngo-1834 kuya ku-1859.

Ngekhulu le-19. Kwakukhona esinye isimo esifanayo samaSulumane. Imephu ye-Yemen kusukela ngo-1918 kuya ku-1962 ibonise i-Yemen Mutawakkili Kingdom ensimini yayo. Ukuphila kwayo kwaphela ngemva kokuguquka kwempi yamakhosi.

Iyini isimo samaSulumane sobuKhalisa? Ngokomthetho wezomthetho wama-Islam, leli lizwe elilodwa. Esikhathini esidlule, umgogodla wobuKhalisa wawuyizwe lama-Arab-Muslim, eladalwa ngu Muhammad ekhulwini le-7. Ngemuva kokuba umbuso omkhulu, osezindaweni ezithathwe amazwe ase-Arab. Ababusi babengamaCaliph.

I-Republic of Islamic

Kukhona uhlobo oluhlukile lwedivaysi engokwasezulwini, eyasakazwa eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Lona i-republic yamaSulumane. Lapha indima ebalulekile ekuphathweni inikelwa abefundisi bamaSulumane.

I-Republic of Islamic uhlobo lokunciphisa. Ikhona phakathi kwezimiso zaseYurophu zokwakhiwa kwezemvelo kanye nemigomo yombuso wamaSulumane wendabuko.

Uhlu lwama-republikhi yamaSulumane yi-Afghanistan ne-Mauritania, ePakistan nase-Iraq. Imithetho kulezi zizwe idalwa ngokucabangela imfundiso yeSharia.

Umqondo oyisisekelo

I-Qur'an ayichazi uhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni. Umthetho wamaSulumane awunawo umbono wawo womthethosisekelo. Noma kunjalo, umqondo oyinhloko wanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesimo samaSulumane ukuhambisana nezidingo zemfundiso yamaSulumane. Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi sithi ngokuqiniseka ukuthi amaSulumane anikezwe "impahla ephezulu". Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mfundiso ihlanganisa izizinda zesistimu ekhona. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Islam udlala indima enkulu emisebenzini nasezimisweni zenhlangano yombuso.

Isibonelo esicacile sokubonakaliswa komqondo oyisisekelo wombuso wamaSulumane ngumphakathi okwakhiwa ngumprofethi Muhammad. Wabeka ezandleni zakhe iziphathimandla zezokwahlulela, izikhulu kanye nokulawula. Futhi izinqumo zokugcina umprofethi wathatha kuphela emva komkhandlu namaSulumane anemandla. U-Muhammad ezimfundisweni zakhe wathi umqondo wokudala isimo esinjalo wabonakaliswa ngu Allah ngokwakhe.

Umthetho wamaSulumane waqala kancane kancane. Umqondo oyisisekelo wombuso nawo uguqukile. Kwakulokhu kuqhubeka nokuphila futhi kuphikisana nemfundiso yamaSulumane yendabuko, efakazela ukungaguquki kwemfundiso kaNkulunkulu. Kwakukhona inqubo eqhubekayo yokuguqulwa komthetho. Ngenxa yalokho, lezo zinsuku ezazilawulwa ngaphambilini umthetho wamaSulumane kuphela, nazo zalawulwa yizinye imithombo eqondisayo eyayisemvelaphi yaseYurophu.

Le nqubo yaqala phakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka. Okokuqala, wathinta lezo zindawo lapho ukungqubuzana namaSulumane e-classical kwakungeyona into ephawulekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, amanye amazwe aseSulumane ayebhekwa njengendlela ehlukile ku-Khilafah eyodwa.

Izici zomqondo

Isimo samaSulumane sinemfanelo yaso. Isici esiyinhloko ukuqondiswa kwayo yonke imisebenzi yayo emigomeni enkulu yamaSulumane. Lapha, ukulawula kwabantu phezu kwemisebenzi yezinhlaka zombuso kuyadingeka. Lokhu kunqunywe umthetho wamaSulumane. Ngakho-ke, umbuso unesibopho kubakhamuzi bawo.

Izici zomqondo wokwakha umphakathi wamaSulumane kuyisidingo sokwakha izikhungo eziningana. Isimiso samaSulumane esithi "ukubonisana" sigcinwa kulawo mazwe lapho umkhandlu wezokwelulekwa usekhanda. Isibonelo salokhu kungenzeka kube yi-Qatar. Kulo mhlaba kukhona uMkhandlu Wokubonisana, oqokwe ngummemezeli. Iyini imisebenzi yayo esemqoka? Unika iseluleko kumbusi wesifundazwe. Imithetho e-Qatar yamukelwa kuphela ngemva kokuxoxisana nezingxoxo nalo mzimba.

Umqondo oyinhloko womthethosisekelo wamazwe amaSulumane ukuhlonishwa kuka-Islam njengenkolo yesimo, eshunyayelwa emazweni angamashumi amane. Lesi simiso sibonakalisa ngokucacile ithonya lezimfundiso eziqukethwe Qur'an ngokulungile kwesigungu. Lezi zinhlinzeko ziboniswa eminyangweni ye-United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Pakistan, njll.

Umqondo oyinhloko wezizwe eziningi zamaSulumane ukuhlanganiswa kwebutho eliphakeme elisemthethweni ngemuva kweKoran. Ngaphezu kwemigomo ebeka umthetho wezwe, umthetho wamaSulumane usebenza ngokufanayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bobabili banomkhawulo omkhulu wokusabalalisa, abathinteki ubudlelwane bomuntu siqu kuphela, kodwa futhi nalabo abangaphakathi kwesimo sokuphatha, sobugebengu nesibambiso. Lo mqondo ujwayelekile kumazwe ase-Peninsula yase-Arabia, nakwasePakistan.

Kufanelekile ukuphawula ukuthi, naphezu kwenqubo yezwe yentuthuko, amaSulumane athi awawushiyi umthetho wamaSulumane njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ekubumbeni ukuqonda komthetho, imicabango yabantu, kanye nokuziphatha kwamaSulumane.

Amadokhumenti ayisisekelo

I-caliphate yavela njengombuso ongokwasezulwini. Kusukela ekuqaleni kokuba khona kwayo, isimiso salo esiyinhloko kwakuwukubumbana kwamandla angokwenyama nabangokomoya. Bonke abaphathi babegxile ezandleni zoKhalifa.

Imigomo ejwayelekile yokunikezwa e-Qur'an ayibonisi isidingo sokusebenzisa ifomu elithile ekwakhiweni kukahulumeni. Izimiso zezinqubo zamandla azicacisiwe kubo. Kodwa-ke, abanye abathandekayo beKoran bahumusha umbhalo ongcwele ngendlela yabo. Bakha imisebenzi lapho umqondo wamaSulumane wombuso ubonakala khona. Lo mbono, lapho bawuthembele khona, useQur'an. Lithi umthombo kuphela wamandla ngu Allah. U-Muhammad wayengumthunywa wakhe kuphela, okwakumiswe umsebenzi wokulawula intando kaNkulunkulu.

Umqondo wamaSulumane wombuso waqala ukuthuthukisa eminyakeni eyi-10-11. Lesi yisikhathi lapho u-Caliphate ebusa ubukhosi base-Abbasid, futhi izwe lawela ekutheni.

Sekuyisikhathi eside ukwakhiwa kombuso wamaSulumane kwakusekelwe ezintweni ezimbili. Isikhundla sokuqala sazo sisekelwe esimisweni sobunye benkolo nomthetho. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kwakukhona umbono mayelana nokungabi yilokho amaSulumane abamba ubukhali obulodwa. Kodwa-ke, bobabili babona indima yokunquma yamaSulumane ekulawuleni zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi.

Namuhla, amazwe amaSulumane aqaphela ilungelo lokudala noma iyiphi indlela yamandla. Into esemqoka ukuthi ihambisana nezimo zezwe.

Kakade ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Iningi lamaSulumane asemukele imidwebo yomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leminyaka elifanayo, isimo saso savela ekuqhubekeleni ekuqiniseni indima yamaSulumane ezimpilweni zala mazwe. Lokhu kwabonakala ikakhulukazi e-Iran, ePakistan, eSudan.