Umklomelo weSakharov. Umklomelo we-Andrei Sakharov wenkululeko yokucabanga

USakharov Andrey Dmitrievich (owazalwa ngo-21.05.1921, wafa ngoDisemba 14, 1989) ungumdlali ovelele we-physics, omunye wabakhi bomdongo wase-hydrogen, isishoshovu sokuqala samalungelo wobuntu baseSoviet, osombusazwe, i-Academician ye-USSR Academy of Sciences, owathola umklomelo weNobel Peace. Umsebenzi wezesayensi nezombangazwe kaSakharov uye wahunyushwa ngezilimi eziningi zakwamanye amazwe, futhi imibono yakhe, izinkolelo zakhe kanye nokutholwa kuye kwaqashelwa ososayensi nabasosha emhlabeni jikelele.

Ngo-1988 iPalamende yaseYurophu yasungula umklomelo we-Sakharov wonyaka "Inkululeko Yokucabanga".

Sakharov Andrey. Biography

I-A.D. Sakharov eMoscow, lapho achitha khona ubuntwana bakhe kanye nentsha esemncane. Akazange aye esikoleni samabanga aphansi, kodwa wafunda ekhaya, ekhuluma noyise, uthisha we-physics. Umama kaSakharov wayengumama wendlu. Usosayensi wekusasa leSikole waqala ukuhamba kuphela kusukela ebangeni lesi-7, futhi emva kokuphothula kwakhe iziqu wangena eMoscow University e-Faculty of Physics.

Lapho impi iqala, u-Andrei Sakharov wazama ukungena esikoleni sempi, kodwa akazange avunyelwe ngenxa yempilo embi. Kanye ne-Moscow University, u-Andrei wathunyelwa e-Ashgabat, lapho ephothula iziqu ngo-1942.

Ukuqala komsebenzi wesayensi

Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni, uSakharov wathunyelwa ekamelweni le-cartridge lase-Ulyanovsk ukuze lisakazwe. Lapha ngokushesha uthola izindlela zokuthuthukisa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, futhi ufaka izinto zakhe zokuqala zokukhiqiza.

Ngo-1943-44 U-Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov ulungiselela ngokucophelela amaphepha amasha wesayensi futhi uyathumela enhloko yomnyango wezemfundo we-Physics Institute. I-Lebedeva Tammu IE Futhi ekuqaleni kuka-1945 uSakharov wabizwa eMoscow ngokudlula izivivinyo futhi ebhalisa esikoleni esiphakeme. Ngo-1947 wavikela indaba yakhe, futhi ngo-1948 waba yilungu leqembu eliyimfihlo labososayensi lahlanganyela ekwakheni izikhali zethempeli edolobheni elivaliwe lase-Arzamas-16. Kuleli qembu, u-Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov waba yingxenye ekudaleni nasekudaleni ibhomu lokuqala le-hydrogen, waqhuba izifundo zakhe kuze kube ngu-1968. Khona-ke, kanye noTamm, waqhuba ukuhlola ukulawula ukuphendula kwe-thermuclear.

Ngo-1953, uSakharov waba udokotela wezesayensi nezemvelo futhi wakhethwa ukuba abe yilungu le-USSR Academy of Sciences.

Ukukholelwa kwezombusazwe ka-Andrei Sakharov

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1950, uSakharov waqala ukuphikisana nokuvivinywa kwezikhali zenuzi. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe, isivumelwano sisayinwe ekuvinjisweni kwezivivinyo ezindaweni ezintathu (umkhathi, ulwandle kanye nendawo), futhi ngo-1966, ngokubambisana nabanye ososayensi, washicilela incwadi ebumbene ngokumelene nokuvuselelwa kukaStalin.

Ngo-1968, izinkolelo zezombangazwe zikaSakharov zathola indlela yokuphuma encwadini yomhlaba wonke ngokuqukethwe kwakhe nokubaluleka kwezombusazwe, lapho usosayensi ebonakala khona ngenqubekela phambili ephelele, inkululeko yobuhlakani kanye nokuhleleka kokuthula kwezinhlelo ezehlukene zezombangazwe. Emsebenzini wakhe wakhuluma ngesidingo sokubumbana komuntu ohlelweni lwe-capitalist ngesistimu yezenhlalakahle ukuze enze isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo nokuqinisekisa ukuthula emhlabeni wonke. Lesi sihloko sasihunyushwe ngezilimi eziningana, futhi ukusakaza kwalo kwamanye amazwe kwakungamakhophi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20. Uhulumeni waseSoviet akazange awubonge imisebenzi kaSakharov, eyahlukana nemibono etshalwe. Wasuswa emsebenzini wokufihla ngezikhali zenuzi e-Arzamas-16, futhi usosayensi wabuyela emsebenzini eHhysics Institute.

Futhi u-Andrei Sakharov wayeyithanda kakhulu umbono wezenzo zamalungelo abantu, ngenxa yalokho ngo-1970 waba yilungu leqembu elasekela iKomiti Yamalungelo Abantu. Waqala ukuvikela ngokukhululekile inkululeko yabantu eyisisekelo: ilungelo lokuthola nokusabalalisa ulwazi, ukushiya izwe nokubuyela kulo, inkululeko yesazela.

Incwadi ethi "Mayelana nezwe nezwe"

Ukuba isazi emkhakheni wezikhali zenuzi, uSakharov wayevame ukufaka isikhalazo sokungalingani, futhi ngo-1975 incwadi yakhe ethi "Ezweni Nezwe" yanyatheliswa. Kulo msebenzi, usosayensi, futhi manje usombusazwe, ugxeke kakhulu umbuso wezombusazwe owawukhona ngaleso sikhathi , imibono eyodwa yenkampani, nemingcele emalungelo abantu nenkululeko. U-Sakharov ubiza iSoviet Union ukuthi "kuyingozi emhlabeni ukuvala umbuso wobumbano obumbene, ohlomile ngezikhali ezinamandla kakhulu futhi unomthombo omkhulu." I-academician iphakamisa izinguquko eziningana ngokuphathelene nomkhakha wezopolitiki nezomnotho womsebenzi wombuso, okuholela ekuboneni kwakhe, "ukuthuthukisa isimo sezenhlalakahle ezweni."

Mayelana namazwe aseNtshonalanga, uSakharov wakhuluma "ngobuthakathaka nokuhleleka kwabo," obizwa ngokuthi umholi wase-United States futhi wabiza ubunye, waphinde wagcizelela isidingo sokungabikho kwezikhali ezihlangene.

Iphuzu elihlukile ligcizelela ukubaluleka kokuvikela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi ilungelo lokukhetha izwe lokuhlala nokuthola ulwazi, kanye nesidingo sosizo olunzulu emazweni omhlaba wesithathu.

Umklomelo weNobel Prize

Ngemva kokushicilelwa kwencwadi ethi "Ezweni Nezwe", elihunyushwe futhi lishicilelwe emazweni okukhulunywe kuyo, akekho osopolitiki noma isazi seSoviet Union ongaziqhayisa nodumo olunjalo emhlabeni wonke njengoSakharov. Umklomelo wokuthula wathola isosha lakhe ngo-Okthoba 9, 1975. Ekubunjweni kweKomidi leNobel, umsebenzi kaSakharov wabizwa ngokuthi "ukusekelwa ngokungesabi kwezimiso eziyisisekelo zokuthula" futhi ososayensi "ulwa nesibindi ngokuhlukunyezwa kwamandla nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokucindezela isithunzi somuntu."

Ubuholi baseSoviet banquma ukuthi umuntu onobungozi phesheya akakwazanga ukuya ngaphandle, njengo-Andrei Sakharov. Umklomelo weNobel wanikezwa umkakhe, u-Elena Bonner, owafunda inkulumo yomyeni wakhe ethi "Ukuthula, Intuthuko Namalungelo Abantu". Nakulokhu, uSakharov, ngokusebenzisa izindebe zomkakhe, wabonisa konke ukungapheleli kwamandla ezombusazwe kanye nesimo sonke e-USSR nasezweni lonke.

Ukunciphisa imivuzo kanye nokubhekisela

Uhlobo lokugcina oluchichima ukubekezela kobuholi baseSoviet kwakunkulumo kaSakharov enzima ngo-1979 ngokumelene nokusungulwa kwamabutho e-Afghanistan. I-Presidium ye-Supreme Soviet yase-USSR, i-academician yayinqatshelwe yonke imiklomelo, kufaka phakathi isihloko seHero Hero of Socialist Labasebenzi ngoJanuwari 1980.

USakharov waboshwa ngqo emgwaqweni wathunyelwa eGorky, lapho usosayensi ahlala khona nomkakhe, owamhlukanisa, iminyaka engu-7 eboshelwe endlini.

Njengoba edingisiwe, usosayensi wabona indlela yodwa yokulwa nokungabi nabulungisa okuqhubekayo kwendlala. Kodwa wabekwa esibhedlela futhi wasondiswa ngokuqinile.

Ukubuyisa nokuvuselelwa

Lapho kuqala i-perestroika, uMikhail Gorbachev, owayengumbuso, wavumela uSakharov ukuba abuyele futhi aqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe wesayensi. USakharov uphinde waqala izinkulumo zakhe ngokukhalaza kwesidumbu futhi waba yiphini likaMkhandlu oPhakeme ku-Academy of Sciences. Futhi futhi i-academician kwadingeka ukuba ifune ilungelo lokukhuluma ngezinkinga ezazikhathazayo.

Umzabalazo ohlala njalo wokulwa nokunciphisa umbuso wezepolitiki okhona kanye neminyaka edlulayo yokuthunjwa kwadambisa kakhulu impilo kaSakharov. Ngemuva kokuphikisana okuvamile nokuzama ukuzama ukufakazela ukufaneleka kwakhe ekuhlaselweni kwenhliziyo ekhaya, ososayensi omkhulu kanye nomshushisi wamalungelo abantu u-Andrei Sakharov bafa. I-biography yale ndoda igcwele izinsuku ezibalulekile nezenzakalo ezijabulisayo. Umnikelo wakhe ekuvikeleni kwamalungelo abantu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-physics ye-nyukliya kubaluleke kakhulu.

Umklomelo kaSakharov "Ngenkululeko Yokucabanga"

Umphakathi wesayensi wesinye isizwe, abalingiswa bezombusazwe, kanye nabantu baseNtshonalanga, babonga ukubaluleka kokukholelwa kukaSakharov nokujula komnikelo wakhe ekubambeni emhlabeni wonke ukuvikela amalungelo abantu. EJalimane, eLithuania, eU.SA nakwamanye amazwe kukhona izitaladi, izikwele kanye namapaki okubizwa ngokuthi le ndoda enkulu.

IPhalamende laseYurophu, ngisho nangesikhathi sokuphila kwososayensi, ngo-1988, yamukelwa umklomelo weSakharov "For Freedom of Thought". Umklomelo unikezwa ngonyaka ngoDisemba futhi ulinganiselwa kuma-euro ayizinkulungwane ezingu-50. Umklomelo we-Sakharov unganikezelwa ngempumelelo kunoma iyiphi yalezi zindawo ezilandelayo zemisebenzi yamalungelo abantu:

• Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu kanye nenkululeko eyisisekelo;
• Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo amancane;
• Ukuhlonipha umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe;
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yentando yeningi kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokubaluleka kwencwadi yomthetho.

Ukunciphisa umklomelo "Inkululeko Yokucabanga"

Ama-premium aqala ukunikezwa umklomelo weSakharov kwakuyi-Wrestler yaseNingizimu Afrika enobandlululo uN. Mandela nomboshwa wezombusazwe waseSoviet A. Marchenko.

Eminyakeni eyalandela, umklomelo we-Andrei Sakharov wanikezwa enhlanganweni yase-Argentina "Umama we-Square kaMeyi" (1992), iphephandaba laseBosnia neHerzegovina (1993), i-United Nations (2003), i-Belarusian Association of Journalists (2004), i-Cuban Movement "Abesifazane Ngomhlophe" (2005) Futhi nezinye izinhlangano eziningana nabantu ngabanye umsebenzi wabo ozosekela amalungelo abantu nenkululeko.

Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu "Isikhumbuzo"

Ngonyaka ka-2009, unyaka weshumi nambili wokufa kuka-Alexander Sakharov, iPhalamende laseYurophu lanikeza umklomelo wokuthula emhlanganweni weSikhumbuzo samalungelo abantu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi omunye wabasunguli bale nhlangano kanye nosihlalo wokuqala ngaleso sikhathi emphakathini omncane kakhulu kwakuyi-Academician Sakharov. "ISikhumbuzo" sigxile yonke imibono kaSakharov mayelana nendima ebaluleke kakhulu yamalungelo abantu, futhi ikakhulukazi inkululeko yengqondo yokuba khona kwentuthuko eqhubekayo yezwe lonke.

Okwamanje iSikhumbuzo siyinhlangano enkulu engekho kahulumeni enezikhulu eJalimane namazwe eenkambiso zangaphambili zenhlalo. Imisebenzi esemqoka yalo mphakathi ngamalungelo abantu, ucwaningo kanye nemfundo.

Izindleko zanamuhla zomklomelo othi "Inkululeko Yokucabanga"

Ngo-2013, owayengummeli we-CIA u-E. Snowden noBelarusian iziboshwa zezombusazwe bakhethwe umklomelo, kanti uSakharov wanikezwa umfana wase-Pakistani oneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, uMalele Yusufzai, olwa nokulwa okungalingani namaTaliban kanye nalo lonke uhlelo lokufaneleka kwabantu bakubo ukuba baye esikoleni. Kusukela eneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye, uMalala wagcina ibhulogi ye-Air Force, eyachaza ngokuningiliziwe ubunzima bokuphila kwakhe kanye nesimo sengqondo seTaliban ekufundiseni amantombazane.

Ngo-2014, umklomelo weSakharov wanikezwa uDenis Mukvege, isazi sezinkinga ezivela eKongo. Ukunakekelwa kwePhalamende laseYurophu kwadalwa ukuthi uhlezi isikhungo ezweni lakhe lapho kunikezwa khona usizo lwezingqondo nezokwelashwa ezenzakalweni zobudlova ngokocansi.

Omunye Umklomelo weSakharov

Ngo-2001, osomabhizinisi kanye nomshushisi wamalungelo abantu, uPeter Vince, owazalelwa eKiev ngo-1956, wamisa umklomelo waseRussia u-Andrei Sakharov "Ukuze uthole i-journalism njengesenzo". Usihlalo wejaji lomklomelo nguye umlobi, umqondisi wefilimu kanye nomvikeli wamalungelo abantu A. Simonov, kanti lonke iqembu labahluleli lakhiwa ngamacrologist aseRussia awaziwayo, izintatheli namalungelo omuntu. Iningi lezintatheli ezivela eSpain, e-United States nase-Austria zihlanganyela ekukhetheni kwabaqashi.

Umklomelo kaSakharov "Ngokwe-journalism njengesenzo" kuhanjiswa kubalobi baseRashiya bezinto ezivikela umsebenzi wabo lezo zimiso kanye nemigomo uSakharov alwa nayo, okwenza lokhu kube yisimo sakhe esibalulekile.

Ngo-2012, umklomelo wanikezwa uViktor Shostko, umlobi okhethekile wephephandaba laseRostov. Watshengisa umphakathi kanye nejaji lomncintiswano ngophenyo lwakhe lwezintatheli zecala lokukhathazeka lokubulawa kwabantu abaningi emzaneni waseKaschevskaya, esifundeni saseRostov.

Ngamanye iminyaka, izintatheli ezidumile zaseRussia zaba Tatnea Sedykh, u-Elvira Goriukhina, uGalina Kovalskaya, u-Anna Politkovskaya nabanye.

USakharov ungumuntu ovelele, eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule, waxwayisa ngezinkinga zomhlaba ezibheke namhlanje. Wazama ngokuzikhandla ukukhombisa ukuthi izinqumo ezilungile zivela enkingeni yezomnotho nezombangazwe. Esikhathini esithombeni, u-Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov angabonakala ngamehlo avuthayo nomqondo wangaphakathi. Lokhu kukhanya komcabango waseRussia washiya inzalo yayo emisebenzini yayo umthombo wokuhlakanipha kwezombangazwe.