Ukwakheka ingase ihlanganise emisebeni ... Ukwakheka kanye nezici radiations enemisebe

emisebeni Nuclear - omunye esiyingozi kakhulu. imiphumela yokuba khona kwawo ezingalindelekile komuntu. Asho nomqondo radioactivity? Asho ukuthini "ezinkulu" noma "ezincane" radioactivity? Yikuphi izinhlayiya bayingxenye izinhlobo ezahlukene emisebeni yenuzi?

Kuyini radioactivity?

Ukwakheka emisebeni ingase ihlanganise izinhlayiya ahlukahlukene. Nokho, zonke izinhlobo ezintathu emisebeni basonta esigabeni esifanayo - bebizwa ionizing. Kwenzani lokhu gama? Amandla emisebeni Liyindawo okusezingeni eliphezulu - kangaka ukuze lapho emisebeni ifinyelela athomu ethile, sidilize i-electron kusuka ngaphakathi wo orbit. Khona-athomu, egcwele emisebeni target is kuguquka i ion okuyinto nakanjani icala. Yingakho emisebeni yama-athomu ngokuthi ionizing, noma yayingaphansi yiluphi uhlobo. High ukusebenza ionizing emisebeni iyahluka kwenye yezinye izinhlobo, ezifana microwave noma infrared.

Kanjani ionized?

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungenzeka ingxenye ngemisebe, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe inqubo ionization. It uyaqhubeka kanje. Atoms nge okwandisa ifana poppy imbewu encane (i-nucleus yama-athomu) sizungezwe umzila wenyanga electron yayo like igobolondo le bubble. Lapho ukuwohloka enemisebe kwenzeka, ikhenela kuthatha ukusigwema lesi Ucezwana kencanikhulu - Alpha noma izinhlayiya beta. Lapho ekushayweni izinhlayiya icala, nokushintsha ophathwa nucleus futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi kwakhiwa entsha chemical izidakamizwa is.

I izinhlayiya ezakha behave emisebeni kanje. Ikhishwe kokusanhlamvu core begijima ngesivinini omkhulu phambili. Isendleleni kungaba izosishayisa igobolondo lomunye athomu, futhi nje knock i-electron kuyo. Njengoba sekushiwo, i-athomu anjalo ithuba icala ion. Nokho, kulesi simo, ketshezi uhlala iyafana inani proton nucleus ayizange ithuthuke.

Izici ngenqubo yokufakela kwamazinyo inqubo

Ukwazi lezi izinqubo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba bahlole elingakanani kwamazinyo ngokujulile enemisebe. Lokhu value ulinganiswa becquerels. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ngomzuzu owodwa kukhona ukubola, bathi: "Umsebenzi we IKhompyuthaYami - 1 becquerel." Uma esikhundleni kule yunithi usebenzisa iyunithi ebizwa ngokuthi Curie. It zazilingana becquerels 37 bhiliyoni. Ngakho kubalulekile ukuba uqhathanise umsebenzi esilinganayo izidakamizwa. Umsebenzi iyunithi ethize kunobukhulu bendawo IKhompyuthaYami ibizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi othize. Lokhu inani lingu inhlukanozigaba ukuba inxenye ukuphila we IKhompyuthaYami ethile.

Kwebalingisi of radiations enemisebe. imithombo yabo

Ionizing emisebeni singenzeka hhayi kuphela endabeni kwamazinyo enemisebe. Khonza njengoba umthombo emisebeni enemisebe unga: ukuqoqwa yokusabela (ehamba ukuqhuma noma ingaphakathi enuzi ngokuhlakaza), ukuhlanganiswa kwezici okuthiwa nuclei ukukhanya (kwenzeka phezu solar, enye inkanyezi, futhi le-hydrogen), futhi ahlukahlukene kuyizinhlayiyana accelerators. Zonke lezi izinto ezinemisebe ngento eyodwa - esinamandla amandla ezingeni.

Yikuphi izinhlayiya bayingxenye uhlobo ngemisebe-alpha?

Umahluko phakathi izinhlobo ezintathu ionizing emisebeni ye --alpha, beta-gamma - kukhona ngokwemvelo yabo. Lapho lezi radiations Kwatholakala, akekho okwadingeka noma imuphi umbono wokuthi bakwazi ukumela. Ngakho-ke, basuke nje ngokuthi zamagama ngesiGreki.

Njengoba igama lawo libonisa, i-alpha-ray wathola kuqala. Babewumphakathi emisebeni ekonakaleni ka isotopes esindayo ezifana uranium noma cindezela. imvelo yabo wayezimisele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi i-alpha emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni kunalokho esindayo. Emoyeni, asikwazi ukunqoba ngamasentimitha ambalwa. Kwatholakala ukuthi ingxenye ngemisebe kungenzeka faka i-nucleus ye-athomu omoya-helium. Kuyinto ahlobene-alpha emisebeni.

umthombo wayo oyinhloko isotopes enemisebe. Ngamanye amazwi, kuba kahle icala "amasethi" ka-proton ezimbili futhi inani elifanayo neutrons. Kulokhu sithi ukwakheka kufaka ngemisebe-izinhlayiya noma-alpha izinhlayiya. proton amabili neutrons amabili akha isici helium ne-nucleus, alpha-emisebeni. Ngokokuqala ngqá e isintu ukusabela ngaleyo ndlela ikwazi ukuthola Rutherford, wahlanganyela ukuguqulela nitrogen-mpilo nuclei e ikhenela.

emisebeni Beta, wathola kamuva, kodwa akukho kuyingozi kancane

Khona-ke kwathi ukubunjwa emisebeni ingase ihlanganise hhayi kuphela i-nucleus ye-helium, kodwa ama-electron nje abavamile. Lokhu kuyiqiniso beta ngemisebe ngoba - liqukethe electron. Kodwa ijubane yabo mkhulu kakhulu kwesilinganiso-alpha emisebeni ye. Lolu hlobo lwe-emisebeni futhi icala aphansi-alpha emisebeni kuka. Kusukela kuyi-athomu ye umzali beta izinhlayiya "ifa" ngokushaja ezahlukene nesivinini ezahlukene.

Kungase ukufinyelela izinkulungwane 100. Km / umzuzwana kuze kube ngejubane lokukhanya. Kodwa ngaphandle emisebeni beta singasabalalela kubo elingamamitha ambalwa. Ifinyelela inhliziyo umthamo labo lincane kakhulu. Beta-ray ngeke bakwazi ukumelana iphepha, indwangu, ishidi ezondile metal. Bathi nje ukungena kule ndaba. Nokho, ukuchayeka olungavikelekile kungaholela isikhumba noma iso ukusha, njengoba kunjalo elinemisebe ultraviolet.

Iyimbi icala izinhlayiya beta abizwa ngokuthi ama-electron kanye kahle icala abizwa ngokuthi positrons. Inani elikhulu beta emisebeni ye kuyingozi kakhulu abantu futhi kungabangela ukugula ngemisebe. eziyingozi kakhulu kungaba ukungenisa radionuclides.

Gamma imisebe: ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo

Okulandelayo ukuthi gamma emisebeni wathola. Kulokhu, kwathi ingxenye emisebeni ingase ihlanganise izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya ka inamandla ethile. Gamma emisebeni like ultraviolet, infrared namagagasi omsakazo. Ngamanye amazwi, limelela emisebeni kagesi, kodwa amandla izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya engenayo kulo kakhulu.

Lolu hlobo lwe-emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni ikhono eliphezulu ngokwedlulele ukungena nganoma iyiphi obstructions. I luthe ukuqina umi endleleni ka ionizing impahla ngemisebe, ngcono kungaba ubambe esiyingozi gamma rays. Ngoba lo indima, ngokuvamile akhethwe phambili noma ukhonkolo. Esikhathini ongaphandle gamma emisebeni izophela kalula ngokusebenzisa ngamakhulu nangezinkulungwane amakhilomitha. Uma sithinta umuntu, kudala umonakalo isikhumba kanye izitho zangaphakathi. On the izakhiwo gamma emisebeni ye ingafaniswa-X-ray. Kodwa kuhluke imvelaphi yabo. Ngemva X ray kuphela ezimweni yokufakelwa.

Uyini emisebeni ayingozi kakhulu?

Iningi lalabo abathatha uhlangothi Sesifundile kakade ezinye imisebe bayingxenye emisebeni, siyaqiniseka ngezingozi gamma rays. Phela, nabo basuke kalula unqobe amakhilomitha amaningi, abhubhise izimpilo kanye okubangela esabekayo emisebeni ukugula. Kuyinto ukuze azivikele gamma rays, Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi azungezwe izindonga omkhulu ukhonkolo. izingcezu ezincane we isotopes njalo afakwe ezitsheni eyenziwe phambili. Nokho, ingozi esikhulu ukuze abantu kuyinto ulapha.

Dose - lena lemali ukuthi ngokuvamile ibalwa kucatshangelwa isisindo zomzimba womuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze kutholakale isilinganiso esisodwa nesineke imithi ngeke asondele 2 mg. Kanti okunye, umthamo ofanayo kungaba nemtselela lomubi. Vele ukulinganisa futhi umthamo yokukhishwa kwemisebe. ingozi kwalo kunqunywa umthamo ugxile. Ukuze uchaze ke, kuqala kukalwe emisebeni esiye amuncwa wumzimba. Bese le nombolo eqhathaniswa isisindo emzimbeni.

umthamo emisebeni - umbandela ngezingozi zako

Imihlobo ehlukeneko emisebeni ungaba ezahlukene eziyingozi eziphilayo eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuba ukudida ikhono eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini wezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene emisebeni nemiphumela yabo elimazayo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho umuntu akanayo indlela ukuvikela ngemisebe-alpha emisebeni kuyingozi ngaphezu gamma rays. Ngoba siqukethe esindayo hydrogen nuclei. Uhlobo ezinjalo-alpha ngemisebe ingozi ukubonisa njengoba kuphela uma ibekwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Khona-ke kukhona ukuchayeka yangaphakathi.

Ngakho, ingxenye emisebeni ingase ihlanganise ezintathu izinhlobo izinhlayiya: kuyinto nucleus helium, ama-electron ezivamile futhi izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya ka inamandla ethile. Ngengozi uhlobo oluthile emisebeni kunqunywa umthamo yayo. Imvelaphi yalezi imisebe akunandaba. Ukuze uthole eziphilayo nhlobo umehluko lapho bekha emisebeni: kungaba-X ray mshini, Sun, amandla enuzi, spa enemisebe noma ukuqhuma. Into ebaluleke kakhulu - indlela izinhlayiya eziningi eziyingozi baphilela.

Inkinga ikuphi-ingabe emisebeni yenuzi?

Kanye Ukuchayeka emisebeni yemvelo ingemuva, impucuko womuntu uphoqelekile ukuba khona phakathi eyayenziwe wenza imithombo eminingi ngokuba yingozi kwezinkolelo-ionizing emisebeni. Ngokuvamile kuba umphumela kuyingozi embi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, inhlekelele ngesikhathi esikhungweni sokuphehla amandla enuzi "Fukushima-1" ngo-September 2013 kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise ukuvuza kwamanzi enemisebe. Ngenxa yalokho, okuqukethwe Sesithombe futhi cesium isotopes imvelo ikhule kakhulu.