Lomonosov isebenza. Amagama imisebenzi Lomonosov kwezesayensi. imisebenzi Lomonosov kwezesayensi kwamakhemikhali, kutemnotfo, emkhakheni izincwadi

Eyokuqala usosayensi edumile emhlabeni Russian, uthisha, imbongi, umsunguli we "izitayela ezintathu" inkolelo-mbono edumile, kamuva emenza kumiswa isiRashiya tetemibhalo, isazi-mlando, umculi - lokhu kwaba Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. imisebenzi yakhe mikhulu kangakanani njengomlilo ovuthayo ebumnyameni nobumnyama njengomuzi ongangeneki. Phela, wakwazi ukuba asikhanyisele izikhala ohlelweni lwemfundo kazwelonke, okwenza kube ezingabizi, abameleli kuqala hhayi kuphela abavelele emphakathini, kodwa futhi abalimi. Namuhla, imisebenzi owaziwa Lomonosov lahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi futhi ezindaweni eziningi. Ngakho, lokho isebenza Lomonosov laziwe?

i-chemistry

Mikhail wenziwa Umphikisi umsekeli oqinile indlela engenangqondo ekutadisheni imihlola zamakhemikhali. Wayekungabaza ngesayensi ye esidlule, asamukelanga incazelo enengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena sasimelene theory "mayelana uketshezi imponderable" futhi amagugu ukuthi kwanikezelwa ku incazelo imihlola ehlukahlukene ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali isikhathi.

izifundo Chemical Mikhail waqala eminyakeni yakhe umfundi. Yena waba umuntu wokuqala ngqá emibhalweni yakhe wamnika i-chemistry njengoba isayensi, hhayi ubuciko. Iningi ucwaningo wayifeza ukuze wakhe lakhiwa elabhorethri.

Ngokusho Lomonosov, usokhemisi kweqiniso abawadingayo ukuze bafeze imisebenzi emibili: yizazi nodokotela. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuthola ukusetshenziswa imicabango yabo umkhuba okuhambisanayo. Ngokusho kubo oye wazibonisa ifilosofi corpuscular, wahlukanisa amakhemikhali izincwadi zabo kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuqala", "esiyinhlanganisela" futhi "eliyingxubevange '.

Ngemva kokuthola imithi edingekayo ngonyaka 1744, Lomonosov kwadingeka uchungechunge olude izifundo ku wokuqhekeka nosawoti nezinsimbi. Odlule izinqubo nokonakala yena ngamaqembu amabili, lapho kukhululwa kanye ukumuncwa ukushisa. Ngempela, njengoba aziwa kakade, nokuqedwa metal inqubo acid libhekene ukukhululwa kwe ukushisa, futhi inqubo Ukuqedwa ke emanzini, kunalokho, amuncwa umzimba.

Izinqubo ngokwabo nokonakala Lomonosov echazwe ngesikhundla mechanical esivela inkathi yalo. Kubalulekile futhi ukwazi ukuthi ukufundwa kokuma wachaza kakhulu ukulawula ngokunembile yezinqubo zamakhemikhali usebenzisa ngesibonakhulu nge ukwanda 360-emhlanjini.

Kuphethe ukulinga cleavage sikasawoti emanzini kwaba isizathu nesenzakalo lomkhuba lokho okubizwa ngomlobokazi solvation izixazululo aqueous (hydration). Kususelwa lesi simanga, nabo amanzi, usawoti disintegrates ku-ion, futhi lokhu kuyithuba sizungezwe eduze elakhelene amanzi macromolecules.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, wakhulula imfundiso "Ngo ayebuthaka metallic," futhi ngemva kwesikhashana - "Ukuzalwa kanye nesimo ammonium nitrate."

MV Lomonosov wasikisela ukuba kwamakhemikhali kunamaqembu amabili izimfanelo ezikhethekile amakhemikhali emizimbeni. Iqembu lokuqala bathi le zomzimba ziyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela njalo kuncike kungenzeka aluka izinhlayiya, iqembu lesibili - zabo umbala, crystal, ukunambitheka, amaphunga nezinye izimfanelo.

Futhi, imfundiso ngesisekelo okuyinto, yimuphi umbala (ngaphandle black) ukuthi uphenyo ngalezi ososayensi zingahlukaniswa zibe ezintathu - ophuzi, obomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Naphezu inani elikhulu lazo olwenziwa ucwaningo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali, amaningi yayo iye yaqhubeka sidle. Kubonakala sengathi isizathu salokhu kwaba yizinhlobonhlobo usosayensi esiyingqayizivele.

imisebenzi Lomonosov kwezesayensi kwamakhemikhali ekuthandeni nohlaka kudingekile okubonwa eyalandela. Igalelo lakhe emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni babe ukwakheka kwale sayensi eRussia. imisebenzi Lomonosov kwezesayensi kwamakhemikhali ziye zaba nomthelela lokhu kuqhela kakhulu ekuthuthukeni kwale sayensi, ukuthi ngisho emva kwesikhashana, usosayensi ngabanye ikhokhelwa eziningi ukunakekela ingxenye abalandeli.

Kodwa impumelelo wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukushumayela ukuthuthukiswa kokukwazi zamakhemikhali. Isibonelo okuphawuleka kakhulu isiqubulo enjalo kubhekwa "izwi ngezinzuzo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali", wazifunda Academic Umhlangano ngo-1751.

physics

Ubizwa kufanele njenge "Ubaba" physics Russian. Amasu kanye ukubukwa methodological Lomonosov kwadingeka lolwehlukanisa. Ngokungafani nozakwethu abaningi, abantu abaningi elisetshenziswa umbono ucwaningo futhi waba ngowokuqala ukuba embule khona imvelo ezinto atomistic izinhlayiya lomcebo.

Nakuba usengumfundi, waba nesithakazelo physics - noma kunalokho, imfundiso yokuziphendukela isakhiwo ndaba. Kunoma isayensi, ukhangwa kakhulu ezicini eliyisisekelo lokuthi kukhona zefilosofi ngokwemvelo.

Lomonosov Kwakuqala ngqa wasikisela ukuba khona okuthiwa zero ngokuphelele. Khona-ke, lapho umuntu eba idivayisi ezifana sokulinganisa, kunjengezimpephelezi, wakwazi ukufakazela ubuze besimo nemibono ebekiwe okwandisa inani insimbi calcination yabo. Lokhu kwaba M. V Lomonosov. imisebenzi lakhe kwezesayensi ngezindlela eziningi usubeke isisekelo esihle sokuthuthukiswa physics zanamuhla.

Nguye owokuqala washayelwa umbono ngobuhlobo imihlola kagesi kanye optical ku ukugeleza mpo njengoba asemkhathini ingcindezi imithombo Lokudabuka kagesi aurora.

umsebenzi Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov ku ingxenye zesayensi waqala neqhaza kule isayensi. Wayinikela ekubhujisweni isikhathi esiningi ehlaziya nalapho echaza ubunjalo imihlola yokukhanya, kanye nokufundisa mayelana umbala kumiswa. Eyokuqala owazama ukucacisa ubudlelwano phakathi izinqubo ezikhona emvelweni, kwaba M. V Lomonosov. Imisebenzi yakhe ziye zaba nomthelela shift olubonakalayo ukuthuthukiswa cishe zonke izindawo physics.

Yena echitha isikhathi esiningi esifundweni imihlola kagesi. Nakuba umbuzo bokuba khona zikagesi neze ephakanyiswe. Ukumelwa uhlobanisa ubuhlobo ugesi kokubili ofuna ukuphumela obala uketshezi wasenganekwaneni ogeleza isitsha gesi Kwakungebona esilindele we Lomonosov izinto. Scientific ezifaneleke echaza lo mkhuba ugesi ngendlela efanayo e-ukuhumusha lo mkhuba ukukhanya nokushisa. Lomonosov wabhala imisebenzi eminingana enikelwe ekutadisheni ugesi emkhathini futhi static.

Kodwa lokhu imisebenzi owaziwa Lomonosov kwakungafanele elinganiselwe. Ingasaphathwa, yayo theory yamangqamuzana-kinetic ukushisa, ogxile izimfundiso inhlangano ndaba yenza zama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho ke kuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe emsebenzini wakhe, "Ukucabanga isizathu ukushisa nokubanda okukhulu."

Imibuzo enjalo mayelana nemvelo imihlola ngokomzimba ixazululwe MV Lomonosov. Imisebenzi kanye nososayensi zocwaningo Physics babe yokuthi ekuqaleni kwawo lwamashumi amabili physics ekhulwini isibe isayensi okuholela emkhakheni wesayensi yemvelo.

Eyokuqala isazi sezindikimba ezisemkhathini Russian

Isithakazelo izenzakalo eziphawulekayo zasezulwini wavela University ekuqaleni kuka ebuntwaneni, lapho ebona isithombe ngokubabazekayo auroras. Wazehlukanisa njengoba isazi sezindikimba ezisemkhathini wokuqala Russian, umsunguli yesayensi mikhankaso yezinkanyezi.

Eminyakeni yokuqala umsebenzi wakhe lochwepheshe he fikisa ezweni eziningi eziye zatholwa emkhakheni yezinkanyezi. Ngangibuka ukunyakaza amaplanethi esimisweni sonozungezilanga Observatory Astronomical, wafunda sunspots, lezinkanyezi ezinomsila nezinye izinto ezisemkhathini, - onjalo kwakuyiNkosi edumile usosayensi-isazi sezindikimba ezisemkhathini Lomonosov. imisebenzi lakhe kwezesayensi kube yilolu suku athandwa kakhulu phakathi ucwaningo yezinkanyezi.

Enye impumelelo eyingqayizivele kakhulu Mikhail Vasilyevich kwezokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi nesayensi kwaba ukuhlonza ngaphambili isimo sezulu kuleli Venus. Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso kwakusuke kuwumphumela kokuma sokugcina ososayensi mkhuba ezingavamile - ekunyusweni Venus. umbiko lakhe kwezesayensi ibizwa ngokuthi: "Lo mkhuba Venus phezu Sun, amqaphela Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences Maya izinsuku 26 e 1761".

Ngandlela-thile kamuva, ekuqinisekisa ukulungiswa kwalezi Ukufunda Ukuhamba okwengeziwe ukuze Kuzonyuka eSiberia ezimbili yezinkanyezi. Izazi zezinkanyezi emazweni amaningi aseYurophu ukulungele ukucabanga lokhu mkhuba eziyivelakancane. Ekukhanyeni yalezi zenzakalo, Academy of Sciences okokuqala waba nengxenye lesi senzakalo ezidlula. Lomonosov bawenza uchungechunge kokuma ngekutimela Observatory yakhe.

Atmosphere Ukuthola Venus kwaba imfuneko kumiswa obengeziwe isayensi astrophysical eRussia.

Yokusansimbi, mineralogy nezimayini

imisebenzi ezinkulu Lomonosov elotshwe lo msebenzi entabeni, liyisiqondiso ehlukile abasebenzi embonini yezimayini.

Ukuzamazama komhlaba e-Portugal, kwabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-osibhozo amawaka, amyisa cwaningo izimbangela nemiphumela lokuzamazama komhlaba. Emibhalweni yakhe, yena walandisa inqubo ezinzima kunazo zonke ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba. ukunyakaza ngokuzumayo ungqimba lomhlaba, ngokombono wakhe, ungase ubangelwe azifele - Isakhiwo sazamazama, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi - nezinye izinhlekelele zemvelo eqinile. Amagama imisebenzi Lomonosov kwezesayensi ku-ore icala ajwayelekile zonke emayini noma metallurgist. Ngokwesibonelo, owaziwa "Igama yokuzalwa izinsimbi kusukela umhlaba nokuzamazama komhlaba."

Emibhalweni yakhe, yena systematized futhi wachaza imicabango ekhona mayelana isizinda kanye sokuncibilikisa insimbi. Kuyinto kubo ngesikhathi yanyatheliswa incwadi "I Kubaluleka Metallurgy, noma Imayini." Le mfundiso kufanele akhonze njengephayona okwatholakala onohlonze ekuhloleni bakhululeke abezimboni zezimayini. Yena phelelisa izimiso eyaziwa kakade kwemayini, ekuthuthukiseni imishini emisha.

Lomonosov ngiphuphe ekufezeni imisebenzi emikhulu ucwaningo ezihilela abameleli yesayensi kanye nezinye wezwe lakithi. Ngokusekelwe lokhu, ososayensi baqala kuphi ukuthumela amasampula ezihlukahlukene imikhando namaminerali. Kafushane, ukukhethwa amasampula ezidingekayo izifundo ezihilela cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi amabili izimboni Russian.

Ngeshwa, Lomonosov kuhlulekile ukuhumusha sisakha ongazijwayele. Lowo msebenzi lakhe yaqedwa ngempumelelo kuphela ngemva kweminyaka academician V M. Severginym nokumbiwa elingavamile kuqala elalibizwa ngokuthi iKhanana lomonosovite behlonipha owathola yayo.

yokukhanya

Lomonosov ukuthi zime futhi zakhiwe ezisunguliwe engaphezu kweyishumi emkhakheni yokukhanya. Yena ngokuphelele wazinikela ukuba isayensi. Lomonosov abayekanga kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku yabo wahlanganyela umkhiqizo amadivaysi ukukhanya ebusuku kokuma.

Eyokuqala elidizayine futhi lakha i-batoskop optical kwaba M. V Lomonosov. Imisebenzi yakhe njalo wavusa isithakazelo esikhulu phakathi umphakathi. Futhi yaqashelwa, futhi idalwe indlela yabo "gorizontoskopa" - idivayisi enkulu sokugubha izinto elise kude ku endaweni evundlile.

Ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqiza ingilazi anemibala njengoba kuchazwe M. V Lomonosov. IziNyathelo balaba baye kamuva yasetshenziswa umkhakha ukupheka ingilazi anemibala, kanye womshini izingxenye zalo. Glass ukukhiqizwa bekugcwele nokuchema main University. Ukusiqonda isakramente impahla, Lomonosov ngicabange ukusebenzisa imiphumela yocwaningo lwalo ukuze bazizuzise bona. Mikhail wafuna ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukwabelana izithelo zemisebenzi yabo nabantu, ukuze abalethe isimo.

A abanamakhono umsunguli futhi ithuluzi abenzi, umsunguli yokukhanya Russian theory kwaba Lomonosov. imisebenzi yakhe kwavula kumiswa obengeziwe isayensi optical eRussia.

Linguistics, kolimi

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalombili, isiRashiya igcwele emagama angaphandle kanye iSonto lwamaSlav, inkulumo okuxoxa. Lomonosov njalo ngokuthi ubumsulwa kanye nokuphelela. A esiningi ayesibekela incazelo canons yakhe yobuciko. Ekuqhubeni University izincwadi emenza esasinedumela elibi, "mpendulo", okuyinto ukushicilelwa kuyisenzakalo esibalulekile kwamasiko kosuku. Kulesi umsebenzi, usosayensi-sezilimi okukhulunywa ukuthi ugcine umbuzo izilaleli nomfundisi kufanele sinake engu-abafundi, ubulili babo, imfundo kanye izinga lemfundo. Zona efanayo ukusebenza rhetorician kumele kube sobala, ulwazi, lenhlangotsilunye nangokomzwelo. "Mpendulo" yethulwa ngolimi olulula futhi senzelwe umphakathi.

Omunye umsebenzi omkhulu Lomonosov ngokuthi "Grammar Russian", futhi ingeyokuqala yezincwadi ithuluzi yayo hlobo lapho kutadishwa lolimi Russian. Eyokuqala owazama ukhombise ukuhambisana nemithetho isiRashiya, kwaba Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. imisebenzi yakhe okuhloswe ngazo okwandisa ukubaluleka yolimi lwebele, at lokuhlushwa ifa elingokomoya.

Nakuba usengumfundi, wabhala indaba, "Incwadi ku imithetho versification Russian", okuyinto echazwe izinto eziyisisekelo versification isiRashiya, kubhekwe amafomu eyaziwa zezinkondlo nosayizi.

umsebenzi kwesikhathi avuthiwe, enesihloko esithi "Ukwazisa yezinzuzo izincwadi zesonto ezisenhloko-isiRashiya" kubhekwa ososayensi University of "izitayela ezintathu" kuhlanganisa 'ezolile okusezingeni eliphezulu, omaphakathi futhi ongaphakeme. " Wonke umuntu oza uhlobo oluthile tetemibhalo letimisiwe:

• inkondlo ekhuluma ubuqhawe, izinkondlo, izinkulumo onesizotha uhambelana "ezolile 'okusezingeni eliphezulu;
• izikripthi waseshashalazini, izincwadi friendly - isilinganiso;
• "Ezolile 'ongaphakeme ephawula ngokushesha izingxoxo yasendlini, iculo, ballads.

Lomonosov ubhekwa umsunguli Russian zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe amagama egciniwe. Ososayensi bebelokhu owethulwa ukwakhiwa eziningi ezintsha, wadala isitayela yesayensi izyasneniya impahla. umsebenzi Lomonosov emkhakheni kwezincwadi wehlukile kakhulu: kungumnikelo senkondlo, futhi izinkondlo, orations, inhlekelele nokuningi. ifa ezinezinkondlo ugajwe ikakhulukazi izinkondlo ezibhalwe behlonipha umcimbi noma umuntu.

Geography kanye meteorology

Ngo Lomonosov mina yavusa isithakazelo ngokuma kwezwe ekuqaleni amathuba okuba umculi okhokhelwayo. Amashumi eminyaka, yayinesithakazelo uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho futhi ithuba lokuyofunda ke. Umhlahlandlela, enesihloko esithi "incazelo emfushane hambo ezahlukene kwezilwandle enyakatho kufundwe ndima okungenzeka laseSiberia Ocean-East India," ubapha incazelo ndima futhi silungiselela uhlelo ayo.

Lomonosov ngisho wenza isithembiso ukunikeza amalungu bomkhankaso ezidingekayo amadivaysi, amathuluzi, kodwa ukuze ubone imiphumela bomkhankaso, wayengabhekiseli ibukeke ngale ndlela. Umkhankaso senzeka ngo-1765, lapho Mikhail Vasilyevich kwaba akasaphili.

Izikhangibavakashi e kweqhwa elimboze izindawo ezibandayo, ngokuvumelana Lomonosov, njalo siyabhubha "izintaba ezineqhwa ezilwandle enyakatho", sekuyisikhathi eside okuyinto kube exinwe nososayensi. Yibona sici polar yiqhwa, wachaza izimbangela. Ngalezo zinto, futhi namuhla limelela abalulekile. Eshukunyiswa kungenzeka kuvisisa oluseNyakatho Umzila, isazi sokuma kwezwe, lapho uhlaziyo namabalazwe e-Arctic Ocean.

Iningi ezizathwini ayekanye naye waqinisekisa iminyaka engamakhulu amabili kuphela. Lomonosov Ridge, silindele indawo, okuyinto satholakala kamuva futhi iphenywe. Ngemva kwalokho, le yokhalo yaqanjwa owathola yayo.

Wenzé banikela ngendlela ebalulekile ukusungulwa kazwelonke "Atmosphere Physics" Lomonosov. Ekuqhubeni "Phenomenon air embuthweni kagesi ezenzeka" inkulumo mayelana kungenzeka sezulu imihlola. Ngenhlonipho ekhethekile Mikhail kwakungekaNkulunkulu sedlule izibikezelo, wacela isidingo basekela inethiwekhi iziteshi Meteorological.

indaba

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalombili, laqala ukusetshenziswa anda isithakazelo Russian emlandweni wezwe. Indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-imfundiso zomlando wadlala futhi MV Lomonosov.

Wayefuna ukuqhubeka Old isimo Russian. Isikhathi esijwayelekile ukutadisha imithombo kanye nakomagazini wesimanje, Lomonosov mlando wangabaza ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi ngesisekelo ezweni lethu wabeka Normans.

Lomonosov babekholelwa ukuthi njengabafokazi babe lwamaSlav, futhi omkhulu-isimo waqala nabo. Mikhail uyamamukela maqondana iqiniso lokuthi Abantu abakhuluma isiRashiya ngaphambi kokuza amandla Rurik benza isikhathi eside ukuthuthukiswa kanye kumiswa isiko yasekuqaleni.

Ngo-1751 Lomonosov wahamba wayosebenza esifundweni emikhulu of "umlando Russian lasendulo." Ingxenye eyodwa wadedelwa ukuba umphakathi kuphela ngemva kokufa kwakhe futhi ngokushesha lahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi.

Ngo-1760, ngokusekelwe amarekhodi kanye namanye amaphepha emvume ezingokomlando ezibalulekile, Mikhail wakhipha "iDemo Russian Chronicle With Genealogy", equkethe yokusungula mlando ezinomsindo kusukela wokubusa Rurik, futhi ngaphambi kokufa Petra Velikogo.

Mikhail walithanda izwe lakubo, lapho piously bakholwa amandla nasebunyeni babantu bayo enkulu.

umsebenzi Lomonosov sika emnothweni

Lomonosov wayengomunye walabo ababone Russia njengoba izwe inala isiko kanye ezingeni eliphakeme lemfundo. isimo esinjalo, ngokubona kwe-wezinguquko kumele ibe noshintsho njalo, kumele njalo sandise phambili, ukuhambisa ekuthuthukiseni a amandla futhi bekwazi.

Inzalo enkulu wabonisa maqondana yokusansimbi futhi embonini yezimayini. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, Lomonosov wabonisa eziningi ukunaka ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo kanye inxusa lezindaba zokwenyuka kwenani labantu.

Material inhlalakahle ka isimo isiRashiya, ngokuvumelana Lomonosov, lithembela ngokuphelele ukusebenza kwabo imisebenzi yezomnotho.

imisebenzi Special Mikhail Lomonosov emnothweni kahle walondoloza, okuyinto nzima kakhulu ekutadisheni sinesimo sengqondo yezomnotho.

Kususelwa izifundo ezikhona, singaphetha ngokuthi main Lomonosov ukunakwa wayalwa ekutadisheni emnothweni Russian. Ukuze kuzuze umphakathi isu egcwele kwezomnotho isimo, kuboniswa iqoqo nemihlahlandlela lakhiwe.

Kuyinto kuye, Lomonosov, kufanele sibonge ngokuba ukubukeka eyala ezifana "geography kwezomnotho". Phakathi nomsebenzi professional Lomonosov balandela emasikweni Russian School of Economics, kakhulu ahlanganiswe futhi kwaqinisa isikhundla salo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abaningi imisebenzi ezinkulu Lomonosov azange abe ithonya ezidingekayo ku besikhathi sakhe. Noma kunjalo, imibono kwezomnotho, wafaka emsebenzini usosayensi omkhulu, futhi namuhla zingaphansi incazelo eyengeziwe.

Futhi ekugcineni,

"Loud," isihloko University eyaziwa ngokuba bakhe bonke abalandeli emkhakheni othize ngokwesayensi. Emibhalweni yakhe kubonakala amandla, ubunye nokuhlakanipha kwabantu Russian. Lomonosov wawaziwa ngokuthi i Innovator abenze emagalelo lamahle emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ulwazi - kusukela natural sciences ukuze astronomy. Imisebenzi yakhe phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe abangu lahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi. Mikhail wazama ukukhonza ezinhle abantu. Abaningi azenza futhi izifundo enikeziwe njengohlelo lwesisekelo esiqinile se ukuthuthukiswa isayensi yanamuhla iyonke.