Kuhlatiya: izinhlobo, izindlela kanye imiqondo

Ikhono sihlaziye ngokuhlolisisa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abantu. Ngo umkhuba leli khono ngokusebezisa ngesikhathi esifanele konga isikhathi kuvimbela izenzo ukuqubuka ezingaba senze isimo sishube, kuyasiza ukwembula izimbangela nemiphumela. Nokho, ukuhlaziya ezibucayi - umqondo ngempela capacious. Kuyasiza yini kuphela abaphenyi kodwa kuyasebenza, mhlawumbe, ukuze zonke izici zokuphila komuntu. With izici zayo kanye nezimiso wokusebenza ngokudingayo siyobese sizame ukuqonda.

Kuyini lokhu?

Umqondo "kuhlatiya" yavela ngemva kweminyaka eminingi kwabhalwa umkhuba wakhe siqu. I zefilosofi zasendulo, u-Aristotle, uSocrates wasebenzisa izimiso zakhe azibhala, ucwaningo. Jikelele we-classic definition stocktaking kungenziwa ngokuthi ukulinganisa emihle nemibi nezigaba ezithile tincumo nekubeka imibono esekelwe ukuhlanganisa zabo izethulo zabo mbono kanye neminye noma izimfundiso, waba value abo futhi umkhiqizo.
Lapho analyte incazelo kudinga indlela fair nokungakhethi. Ngakho-ke, nanka nenqubo eyinhloko umnqopho kanye nokubuyekeza esibanzi.

umgomo

Kungani kufaneleka ukuba kube kuhlatiya? Ngamunye cwaningo (yesayensi ezingokoqobo) has imisebenzi ethile. Kulokhu, ukuhlaziya ngokuhlolisisa kusho ukuhlola yalomsebenti izinga ikhambi, nokusebenzisa ubufakazi ukuqinisekisa noma ukuphika ngokunemba hypothesis zabo noma yomunye umuntu.

Kusukela iphuzu siqu buka, kuhlatiya kusiza ukuthuthukisa ukucabanga ngokuhlaziya, Akhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-siqu umbono wabo wabonisana, kuthuthukisa umsebenzi engqondweni yethu, andisa ingqondo. izisekelo zayo zivame wabeka okusesesikhathini esikoleni futhi isakhiwa emayunivesithi.

izindlela

Ezibucayi ukuhlaziywa indlela ihilela indlela ukufeza umgomo. Kungaba deductive futhi exhasa. Esimweni sokuqala, ukuhlaziya isimo eba kusukela jikelele kuya ethize. Okungukuthi, kuqala umcwaningi hypothesizes noma Axiom. Khona-ke, inani emgqeni ukwamukele umcabango siqondiswe uphenyo, noma ifayela echaza ifomu. Lesi isixhumanisi yangasese. Isibonelo olula indlela enjalo ingase ibe kanje:

• Umuntu uyafa.
• Mozart - indoda.
• Isiphetho: Ukufa Mozart.

Ngokungafani ebanjwayo esungulwe indlela exhasa. Lapha, i-kuhlatiya iyakhiwa, kunalokho, kusukela ngokukhethekile jikelele. indlela isiphetho yakhiwe hhayi logic, kodwa kunalokho ngokusebenzisa izethulo ethize ngokwengqondo, zezibalo eqotho neyiqiniso elingenakuphikwa. Hlukanisa lokungeniswa okuphelele futhi ayiphelele.

Samuntu sokuqala siqondiswe ukuhlaziya ukwamukelwa bokuthi inani okungenani imininingwane ukuthi ucede zonke okungenzeka. Enye samuntu uqaphe amacala ngabanye, ngemiphumela futhi kubenza babe esibulalayo ezivamile (hypothesis isizathu) lucela ubufakazi. Imbangela nomphumela - lawa izakhi eziyinhloko asisekelo kuhlatiya. Isibonelo indlela exhasa kungabonakala nasemkhakheni uchungechunge umphenyi izindaba K. Doyle ka "Sherlock Holmes." Nakuba umlobi ngokuyiphutha ubiza indlela umphenyi ebanjwayo:

• Kubantu, N ushevu.
• Man N lokuphuthaza ngubufakazi.
• Kubantu, N kungekho alibi ngokokuqala yobugebengu.
• Ngakho-ke, umuntu N ingumbulali.

. Umsunguli pragmatic Ch S. Pirs kubhekwe uhlobo wesithathu ukucabanga njengoba stocktaking indlela - ukuthunjwa. Ngamanye amazwi, kuba engqondweni yethu isinqumo imicabango esetshenziswa ukuvula imithetho theory. Okokuqala, wonke imiqondo yamagama abstract, hhayi kuqinisekiswa isipiliyoni. ukuphetha indlela uya ngokusebenzisa isimiso ezicatshangwayo (imicabango), uhlola eziphethweni ezinengqondo:

• Isakhiwo: Abantu ofayo.
• Isiphetho: kokufa Mozart.
• Ngenxa yalokho, Mozart - abantu (isixhumanisi ulahlekile).

Sakhiwo Izinhlobo

Ukwakheka stocktaking is ukulandelana ecacile yezenzo ngokuvamile kubangelwa uxhumano okunengqondo:

• Okokuqala, umcwaningi kumele kube ujwayelene isithombe lomkhuba, isimo umqondo. Kusukela le nto kubalulekile ukukhulula umqondo eziyisisekelo.
• Isimo zingaxazululeka ku amaphuzu ambalwa asemqoka kanye ukudweba tezisno yezinto ezibonakalayo njengesihluthulelo izakhi ehlukile.
• Ukuze into ngayinye, udinga ukwakha akho umbono, imicabango yabantu, njll
• Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuze uqinisekise yalo ngokufingqiwe ngenhla iziphakamiso.

Iphuzu elibalulekile! Ukuze afakazele hypothesis yabo kungenzeka ngisho kudingekile ukusebenzisa imithombo yangaphandle: izibonelo, imizekeliso, apharathasi lomqondo, izingcaphuno, amadokhumenti. Konke lokhu kuqinisekisa kuphela umnqopho nangokujula cwaningo.

A indima ebalulekile ekwakheni iziphetho zidlala izinto, isimo noma mkhuba, okuyinto kwakha kuhlatiya. Amafomu okungenzeka bahlukunyezwe sphere yesayensi, kwezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, kanye nama-practical kanye sphere yobuciko.

Ukuhlaziya inkulumo

Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, uprofesa wesayensi yezilimi Norman Feyrklaf eyasungulwa ezibucayi inkulumo ukuhlaziywa. Wathunywa ukufunda izinguquko emaphuzwini kwesisekelo bokusungula umbhalo ngesikhathi nezinye izinhlobo zayo ezihlukahlukene incazelo. Maqondana sociolinguistics, Feyrklaf mshini esiyinhloko kugucuka ezinjalo ngokuthi intertextuality. A inqubo lapho umbhalo owodwa ihlobene nezinye izakhi (izinkulumo).

Ezibucayi inkulumo ukuhlaziywa ngokuyinhloko esakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya sezilimi Bakhtin, zezenhlalo Michel Foucault futhi Bourdieu. Enye igama it is textually ngamakhasimende inkulumo ukuhlaziywa (noma Tod). indlela yayo ihlanganisa izakhiwo kwezilimi umbhalo, inkulumo izinhlobo (isikhalazo, inkhulumomphendvulwano, ekukhulumeni) nezindlela sociolinguistic lelwentiwe (lokuqoqa ngokucubungula izinto, lemibuzo, ukuhlolwa, njll).

Isici esiphawulekayo lolu hlobo kuhlatiya ukuthi akusho ukuzenza ukuba inhloso, okusho akusiyo hlangothi emphakathini. Inqubomgomo, isibonelo, ezibucayi ukuhlaziywa inkulumo ihlose embule ngemibono amandla isakhiwo, ukulawula zezombusazwe, ukubusa ngokuhlola izinqubomgomo ukubandlulula, wazwakalisa ngolimi. Ngakho lapha uguqulwa abe ithuluzi kohlaziyo, uzongenela ezindabeni umkhuba kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe.

Dutch sezilimi T. Van Deyk imisebenzi eminingi anikezelwe kuhlatiya enkulumweni yabezindaba. Ngokusho usosayensi, ekuqaleni lenziwe mpendulo lasendulo. Namuhla imithombo yakhe izigaba ezinhlanu eziyinhloko:

• Semiotics, Ethnology, structuralism.
• nokuxhumana ngengxoxo yomlomo nokuhlaziya.
• Inkulumo izenzo kanye pragmatics.
• Sociolinguistics.
• Ukwelashwa nokuvikelwa izingxenye ngokwengqondo umbhalo.

On 'wezinsika' emihlanu futhi isekelwe ezibucayi inkulumo ukuhlaziywa (incazelo izindaba, nezifundo social , njll).

tetemibhalo

Textually okugxile kungenziwa ngokuthi ukuhlaziya etemibhalo bucayi. Umahluko inkulumo kuphela ilungiselelo amaphuzu asemqoka. Umsuka (echazwe ngenhla) yakha kugcizelelwa isici esisemthethweni kombhalo, kanti eyesibili - ngokuqukethwe.

Literary kuhlatiya lwenzeka algorithm we-classic. Amaphuzu asemqoka okunikeza kuhunyushwa kuwo: indaba, indawo kanye nesikhathi isinyathelo, izinhlamvu, indaba ephathwayo, umqondo kanye iphuzu siqu umbono. Amazinga ezintathu ngiqalile ukutadisha bungabonakala kulokhu kuma:

• repertoire Isihloko (ohlangothini okuqukethwe).
• Yezengqondo (uhlobo umfanekiso, lelandzisako, uhlobo).
• NeziLimi (ulimi amathuluzi, okuyinto ukwakha isici engqondweni yethu).

Lapho kuhlatiya kufanele ulandele yokwehlayo. Amazinga wokuqala nowesithathu izigaba okubeka obala (impahla ehlanganiswe). Ngokuqondene Izinga lolwazi, it is kunqunywa odlule ezimbili. Yiqiniso, ngamunye eziyizitezi kungaba isifundo ehlukile. Nokho, lapho sibheka therebetween eqinile ukuhlanganisa isethi, kulelo nakulelo zinga ezingumsuka zikhona e eduze.

Isidingo salokhu uhlobo kuhlatiya, ngaphezu kumiswa siqu futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono esibucayi ukucabanga kunendingeko yezenhlalakahle ukuhlukanisa phakathi imisebenzi aesthetically ezibalulekile ohlelweni lwesikhathi Okuqukethwe akuzwakali.

Iphuzu elibalulekile! ukuhlaziywa Literary-ezibucayi - lokhu akulona akhawunti ye temibhalo, kanti ukuhlaziywa izingxenye zalo eningi futhi ukuhlanganisa kungenzeka nesenzakalo esingokoqobo.

Leli akulona sohlelo "bathandile" noma "ungathandi khona." Kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezibucayi endleleni ukuhlaziywa kumelwe ibhekane cwaningo esiteji saziso, ubufakazi banoma iliphi ezizathwini nemibono ezihlobene efundwayo.

Imininingwane

Lolu hlobo kuhlatiya isetshenziswa ukuhlola izindaba, imikhiqizo kanye namasevisi (marketing). Singasho kunqophe ukulinganisa izinga kanye nempumelelo engenayo kanye nezindleko inhlangano ehlobene ushintsho zokukhangisa.

Kungani sidinga kuhlola? A kuhlatiya ulwazi endabeni yokumaketha bazogcwalisa emakethe nge high izimpahla, ukunwetshwa, ushona senhlobo. Aqalisele izindaba (umphakathi, ezombusazwe, njll), Kuyasiza hlola izinga ulwazi mayelana amaqiniso, isikhathi kanye nendawo futhi ulichaze e iphuzu lakhe siqu umbono izenzakalo. Kufanele kube imithombo ethembekile ukuthi kuyoba agumenti hypothesis. Injongo yalolu hlobo sokuhlaziya kungaba futhi umhlahlo ngentuthuko. Kulokhu, kwakhiwa umbono is ngokusebenzisa izici ezingokwengqondo, ezenhlalo nezamasiko izingxenye.

ukuhlaziywa cwaningo

kuhlatiya zocwaningo sizalwa nawo emkhakheni yesayensi yizenzo zabantu. Ukuze ukwakheka imicabango yabantu ngabanye ezicatshangisisiwe mayelana nodaba oluthile kudinga ekwakhiweni efanele izinkinga futhi isixazululo yabo. Yilokhu waziphatha lolu hlobo ukuhlaziywa. Ucwaningo lusikisela ezehlukene zemisebenzi nangezindlela eziningi kwenanela inkulumo ezibucayi.

Ngakho, lapho besanda wokulungiselela, ukuqoqwa impahla, ukutadisha imithombo eyamukelwayo, umqondo kumiswa (ukwakhiwa), ukuthuthukiswa yokucabanga kanye ukusefa ezibalulekile izakhi ulwazi. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi inhloso yalo msebenzi ngokusebenzisa kuhlatiya ukuthola ulwazi olusha, hhayi nje okungaqondile amaqiniso ezikhona.

kuhlatiya izifundo ngokohlaka elandelayo (noma amapulani):

• ukuqondisa;
• izinselele kanye nezindaba ezisemqoka;
• amaqiniso kanye nolwazi;
• incazelo netiphetfo;
• imiqondo, imibono, imibono;
• umbono;
• uphenyo;
• umbono wakhe, umbono.

Ukuze uthole sihloko yesayensi imithetho ukuhlaziywa zingase zihluke. Kukhona ngokuvamile ngaphansi kokuhlaziywa umthombo uqobo, ukuthembeka agumenti nombhali, ekuboneni nokushintshashintsha, ukuphikisana futhi ukwephula logic.

izimiso

Izimiso kuhlatiya incike uhlobo yayo. Njengoba sekuzoqala umlando yalolu hlobo lezinto cwaningo kanye izimpahla ezisetshenziselwa isimiso enembile (noma "ukukhanya kwangaphakathi"). Lena indlela abstract, esakhiwa ngo kokutholakala theory, imithetho emisha enokwehla, lokulungisiswa entsha imihlola, izinkinga kanye imiqondo engokoqobo. Yini embi ngalo lekambiso enjalo yokuhlaziya kuyinto ingaphelele ngoba lokhu kwenzeke, ezizathwini ezingaqinisekisiwe.

Esikhathini ezibucayi inkulumo ukuhlaziywa livame ukusetshenziswa isimiso kwezenhlalo ngamakhasimende. Injongo yalo, njengoba umthetho, babe izenzakalo futhi kugucuka ezenzeka emphakathini. Lezi zihlanganisa wezifiki, ubandlululo, ukuqothulwa kwesizwe kazwelonke, Abashisekeli. Into cwaningo iwukuba Yiqiniso, imibhalo thematic kanye nethonya layo ukucabanga nomphakathi. Futhi, le ndlela isifundo esiza ukuthola ziveza isithombe kweqiniso futhi ukuyibuyisa emphakathini, ukugwema umfundi ukudideka enkulumweni-non-yeningi.

Ukuze uhlobo olufanayo ukuhlaziywa osebenza ezibucayi isimiso engqondweni yethu ngamakhasimende. Wayelethwa kabanzi embozwe TA Van Dyck futhi kusekelwe izici ezingokwengqondo yokwakha futhi usinika izinto (imibhalo, izinkulumo). Lesi simiso kabanzi ukuhlaziya izindaba (imidiya). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunakekelwa umhlaziyi kumele igxile wekulandzisa (uhambisane, oxhumene) ukuhlolwa izenzakalo, ngena ngemvume izinhlelo zokuxhumana ngokukhuluma (isingathekiso, izinhlamvu ngokuhlanganyela).

Isimiso historicist uvame asetshenziswe izifundo zesayensi nokulotshwa kwalo. Kusekelwe ekutadisheni into ethile noma into space kanye nesikhathi. Nokho, kuyinto kwebalingisi ngempela abstract. In practice, lokhu kuyinto encane ejulile emhlabeni jikelele. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesisekelo uhlobo noma reception (eside etemibhalo) - kuyinto umgomo cwaningo. Khona-ke izinto ziqoqwa eziphathelene isihloko (izingxenye engqondweni yethu). In the isinyathelo sesithathu usungaqala ehlola futhi okufika ulwazi. Iphuzu eliyinhloko lapha kwezikhathi ukuvela esenzeka ngesikhathi esithile sesikhathi. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye ezifana ukuhlolwa usungaqala iziphetho, ubunzima futhi izibikezelo.

Umgomo we imiqondo esemqoka ingenye zokuqala kuhlatiya. Ngokuvamile kwenzeka art ukugxekwa (imisebenzi Aristotle, Lessing, VG Belinsky). Evamile, kungenzeka ukuhlonza isikali kokulinganisela futhi ukuqhathanisa. Ukudala uhlelo imiqondo kuyasiza ngokoqobo ukwandisa umbhalo izingxenye zesakhiwo, ukulandelela nokuxhumana wabo nobuhlobo, kanye ukuhlonza ukubaluleka eyodwa ingxenye kwenye. Njengoba ojwayelekile, lesi simiso kuyinto edingekayo kodwa yesibili, njenganoma yikuphi cwaningo esekelwe ama-apharathasi lomqondo kungakhathaliseki ngenhloso uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza.

Phakathi iyiphi kuhlatiya Kungaletha izimiso ezahlukene inkinga. Ngezinye izikhathi synthesis ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Kulokhu, umuntu ephezulu kanye nezinye - lo uphiko. Ngakho, istorpizma isimiso ngokuvamile kuhlangene isimiso imiqondo esemqoka, futhi isekelwa i enembile engqondweni yethu ngamakhasimende, njll

umqondo

Umqondo kuhlatiya - isifundo nokuhlola emiqondweni eyinhloko nombhali kohlelo impahla yokubukwa ngalolu daba. Norman Feyrklaf encwadini "Ulimi namandla" libhekisela zokwenziwa okomuntu siqu umqondo. Isibonelo kungaba imibhalo zezombusazwe ukuthi abalobi ngokuvamile abhekisela ngqo abantu ngokusebenzisa isabizwana somuntu yesibili. Umsebenzi oyinhloko obuqalene ukuhlaziya kabanti ngemcondvo, kutfola umthelela izindlela ezinjalo, ukuphumelela kwazo ushintshe ukucabanga nomphakathi.

Kungakhathaliseki uhlobo umqondo impahla kombhali njalo wazibona njengendlela yokuxhumana nge umfundi, umbukeli noma umthengi.