Theory zokwenziwa of Evolution

Theory zokwenziwa of Evolution sidalwe ngesisekelo ubudlelwane phakathi neminyaka ngesimiso semvelo, ngezakhi futhi imfundiso kaDarwin 20. Namuhla, kubhekwa eziphelele kakhulu athuthukile ngempela ephelele. ithiyori Zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ehlanganiswe the classic labantu ngezakhi futhi imfundiso kaDarwin.

Eyokuqala ukwethula indlela zofuzo kwaba Chetverikov Sergey. Ngo-1926 wakhipha umqulu isihloko lapho ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kokuphila (kwezinye izici) iye yabhekwa kusukela umbono zofuzo. Encwadini yakhe ethi Chetverikov alethwe amalungiselelo athile. Njengoba isibonelo kubo imiphakathi engokwemvelo Drosophila athathwa. Ngakho, usosayensi wathola lokhu okulandelayo:

1. Ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo ngokwemvelo zenzeka njalo.
2. izinguquko esikhubazayo kungaba iqhubeka unomphela esimweni heterozygous.
3. With ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo buthelela at uhlobo olufanayo zimpawu Uzithukululile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (njengoba bekhula).
4. I ezinkulu interspecies kwamangqamuzana izici ukushintshashintsha zofuzo nesizungu.
5. Panmixia (Ukunqamula khulula) kuholela polymorphism futhi Ukukhetha - a monomorphism kwezinhlobo.

Imfundiso ethulwa Chetverikov, kubonisa ukuthi ukuqongelela esebenzisa izakhi zofuzo neqhaza lenkhombandlela oluhambelana, mayelana Yiqiniso ekuthuthukiseni. ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo wokufundisa zofuzo Russian ezifana Romashov, Timofeev Resovskii Vavilov, Dubinin nabanye. Imisebenzi lezi kanye nezinye izibalo akha isikhundla lapho inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zokwenziwa.

Ngonyaka 30 Wright Holdeymsa, Fischer wabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa nokufundisa West.

Omunye imisebenzi yakuqala lapho theory zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, empeleni yayo, wokulandisa ku Dobzhansky eyayibekwe naphambili umsuka zinhlobo nofuzo. Kuleli phephandaba ukunakwa wagxilisa ekutadisheni izindlela kwenani zofuzo kohlelo ngokuhambisana kwethonya izici ezihlukahlukene. Izinto, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa kokuhlukana zofuzo, ekushintshashintsheni inani labamemezeli ngokuya kwenani ezahlukene, ukufuduka. Ithonya elikhulu futhi ngezimbangela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi ngabodwa sokuzala zimiswe ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo a amafomu amasha.

Ingabe neqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni efundisa Schmalhausen. Ngokuhambisana inyunyana okudala Embryology, imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, i-paleontology nesayensi, morphology nofuzo, ososayensi baye baqhuba ngokujulile ucwaningo isilinganiso phylogeny futhi ontogeny, ngihlole Amathrendi main ukuvela futhi izindlela eziningana amalungiselelo eliyisisekelo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela yesimanje.

Phakathi isikhundla esibalulekile ucwaningo eziyisisekelo iwumsebenzi Huxley, "Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lo zamagama yesimanje". Lokubaluleke kakhulu babe wathuthukisa nokutadisha amafomu kanye amazinga isenzakalo esenziwe Simpson.

ithiyori Zokwenziwa kusekelwe nanye postulates ezinkulu. Yabo Vorontsov ngamafuphi zavela.

1. Ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo, izinguquko ezincane ezehlukene e ufuzo ezibhekwa impahla yokuziphendukela kwemvelo okungukuthi okungahleliwe.
2. Main, ngokwezinga elithile, ngisho ematheni onogqozi the ukuthuthukiswa ubhekwa lakhetsiwe yemvelo, okuyinto esekelwe izakhi zofuzo okuqondiswa umuntu amancane okungahleliwe.
3. Iyunithi kulencane ubhekwa sabantu socwaningo.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa has ukushiyana kwezidalwa (kancane kancane) kanye nemvelo okuqhubekayo.
5. Buka kuhlanganisa amayunithi abaningi okhonzile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo akachazeki (morphologically, zofuzo kanye physiologically), kodwa hhayi reproductively angawodwa.
6. Evolution kudinga izici kwehlukana.
7. Okuphakelayo izakhi zofuzo (alleles bashintshisane) uvunyelwe kuphela ohlotsheni oluthile lwento ephilayo. Kule ndaba, kuba (uhlobo) ubhekwa luhlelo oluhlanganisiwe futhi zofuzo avaliwe.
8. Ngohlobo Lomuntu Okufanele Ube izakhiwo azisebenzi amafomu ukuthi ukukhiqiza kabusha asexually ngu parthenogenesis futhi.
9. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenzeka microevolutionary.
10. taxon Real has umsuka monofiliticheskoe (libhekisela kumuntu ifomu yokhokho).
11. Evolution kuyinqubo ezingalindelekile, has isimo sokungakhethi kwesikhwama ohlangothini we umgomo oyinhloko.