Incwadi kaCharles Darwin "The Origin of Species Ngokuhlakanipha of Natural Selection, noma Ukulondolozwa Imijaho umusa Ukushikashikekela Life"

Incwadi kaCharles Darwin "Origin of Species:" kwaba umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko, ukutshela umhlaba ngale ndlela ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kokuphila Emhlabeni. Igalelo eyaba nalo isayensi ikufakazele yini kakhulu. ukushicilelwa kwaKhe usosayensi waseBrithani yabeka isisekelo inkathi entsha in eziphilayo.

Indaba le ncwadi

umsebenzi Scientific "The Origin of Species," esanyatheliswa ngo-Darwin ngo-1859. Ukubukeka incwadi kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe eminyakeni eminingi umsebenzi umcwaningi. Ngesisekelo umkhiqizo kwakhiwa irekhodi ukuthi uDarwin kwaholela kusukela 1837. Ngenxa semvelo, wahambela ngesikhathi izwe lakhe ukuvakasha abagibele "Beagle". Okubonwa nezilwane yeNingizimu Melika eziqhingini ezishisayo ngesikhathi lolu hambo wahola British ukucabanga ngokuthi iqiniso imfundiso yokuziphendukela Bandla saphezulu nemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo.

Owandulela Darwin kwaba Charlz Layel. imibono yakhe futhi liphefumulelwe isihambi. Ekugcineni, ngemva kweminyaka engu-umsebenzi onzima weza kwatholakala incwadi "The Origin of Species." Umbhali eyinhloko lesithembiso lalithé: zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane azishintshanga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Umfutho esikhulu salokhu yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo kuyimpi ukuphila. Esizukulwaneni ngesizukulwane uhlobo izici awusizo futhi kuqeda ezingadingekile ukuze ulungise ekuphileni kwemvelo esase sibucayi.

Ukukhethwa kanye kwemvelo

ukushicilelwa kaDarwin yokuziphendukela a sigemegeme. "Origin of Species:" yathengwa up ngejubane elikhulu, futhi amahemuhemu okwengeziwe ngale ncwadi, aba maningi funa. Kungakapheli neminyaka emibili noma emithathu, kwakunezinguqulo ezilimini main European.

Okumangazayo ngakho umphakathi eziphambili? Esingenisweni sencwadi yakhe, Darwin evezwe kafushane ngemibono yakhe eyinhloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsunguli wagomela kancane kancane ngamunye ngokucophelela mqondo yakhe. Ekuqaleni wayebheka isipiliyoni zokuzalanisa amahhashi kanye zizalela amaphuphu. Okwenzeka abalimi lalingesinye umthombo ugqozi for usosayensi. Wabeka phambi umfundi umbuzo: "Kungani yasekhaya isilwane izinhlobo ziyashintsha futhi zihluke izihlobo zawo zasendle?" Kulesi sibonelo, wachaza Darwin kafushane umsuka zinhlobo elikhulu, embulungeni yonke. Njengoba labantu basekhaya, basuke kancane kancane siguqulwe ngenxa yezinguquko kwemvelo. Kodwa uma izinkomo ukwethula Ukukhetha yokufakelwa, owenziwa umuntu, ubunjalo isenzo kwemvelo.

Uhlobo lwe nezinhlobo

Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi zikaDarwin kwakungakabi lwahlangana kanti futhi ezivamile uhlelo zilwane. Ososayensi baye basikisela ukuba kusetshenziswe imibono ehlukahlukene nemibono behlukanisa izinto eziphilayo. Imizamo efanayo senziwe incwadi ethi "The Origin of Species." UCharles Darwin okuhlongozwayo ngezigaba ngobulili. iyunithi ngayinye enjalo kuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana zazo. Lesi simiso jikelele. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu kunamahhashi. Ezinye zazo yilezi ezinkudlwana, abanye - ngokushesha, amanye atholakala kuphela endaweni ethile. Ngakho, le zilwane - ke ingenye kuphela zinhlobo ezivamile uhlobo lwe.

Palette umehluko ngabanye kwaphakama ngenxa yesimo. Ukudla ngaphandle ngokulandelana ke - kuba njalo wokulwela ukuphila. Ngokuhamba ukubukwa wakhe ziyashintsha futhi zihlukaniswe subtypes ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ezahlukene ezingasho komunye nomunye. Iningi abangelutho isici esiyingqayizivele (isibonelo, ukuma Uqhwaku lwenhlanzi okuthiwa i izinyoni) kungaba inzuzo enkulu e sokusinda. Abantu aphumelele, ngokungafani omakhelwane ezingafani ukuze usinde, uyonika izici zayo siqu libe yifa lenu ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezaziyolandela. Ngemva kwezizukulwane ezimbalwa uphawu eliyingqayizivele kuyodingeka isici usethe abantu.

Le mpikiswano nalaba baphikisi

Esikhathini 6 th futhi 7 th izahluko encwadini yakhe ethi Darwin iyaphendula ukugxekwa nezitha bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe. Kukhululwa incwadi yokuqala yalo kunalokho intuitively Uqaphelile okushiwo indalo yadalwa ngezinsuku, abaholi bamasonto nabanye ososayensi. Ngo-editions okwalandela esikhathini sakhe umbhali basabela INTO ethize labamelene, ebabiza ngamagama.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi Darwin kwakungelona esiqephuzayo e zomphakathi ezaziwayo. Ngo zezitsha, inkolelo-mbono yakhe is best kuvikelwa Tomas Geksli. Kodwa ngo ekuthuleni ehhovisi zonke Darwin washayelwa ngamafuphi nangokunembile. Yena Raziel abaphikisi bakhe ngamunye ngamunye, kunalokho okunye kuphela yabhekisela ncwadi.

amanothi kwezazi

British usosayensi ngenjongo ecashile isikhathi eside kangaka, wabhala: "The Origin of Species." UCharles Darwin akazange kuphela wachaza umbono wakhe ngokuya biology, kodwa futhi waveza usebenzisa ukusatshalaliswa ezindawo ne-paleontology. Usosayensi yabhekisela uyathola eziningi zamathambo, eyayibhalwe iminonjana eziphilayo ezingasekho. paleontology Ngenxa nethuba ukukufunda ngokuningiliziwe izinhlobo olahlekile futhi Lesisemkhatsini.

Kwakuwumsebenzi kaDarwin enzé lesi isayensi kuthandwa kakhulu, kungani engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX yesibili ke sihlangabezane ukuqhakaza yangempela. Omunye usosayensi wokuqala ukuchaza indlela ukulondolozwa izinsalela. Waphawula ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile kwemvelo kwezicubu organic phoqoka hamba noluncane. Nokho, lapho emanzini, Iqhwa noma inhlaka baphoqelela isikhathi eside.

Ukusabalalisa

Ekhuluma ukufuduka kwabantu nokungabi Izindawo zinhlobo, Darwin wakwazi ukuphuma izinxushunxushu amanothi amaqiniso ukwakha uhlelo organic, egcwele imithetho. Abaphakanyisiwe Okuxhunyanwa Nabo Imiphumela lisibekele lonke nesimo sezulu esishintshashintshayo. Nokho, isazi sezinto eziphilayo, waphawula ukuthi kukhona izithiyo zemvelo ukuze ukusabalala izilwane nezitshalo ngokunganaki. Ngo zinhlobo eliwumhlaba ezinjalo angenakuvinjwa phesheya - komkhathi omkhulu wamanzi phakathi okusha futhi Izwe Elidala.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, izingxabano zawo, Darwin sichithiwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela amazwekazi ulahlekile (isib Atlantis). Ufuna ukwazi mayelana iphuzu lakhe mayelana nendlela ukusakaza ezwekazini iye isitshalo ezwekazini. Usosayensi hypothesized ukuthi zingachazwa yilesi sibonelo esilandelayo. Imbewu kungaba okugwinywe izinyoni, okuyizinto endleleni eya kolunye uhlangothi lomhlaba wabashiya khona endleni yabantu abanaleli. Isiphetho esinjalo akuyena kuphela. Izithombo babe kanye inhlabathi ukuba babambelele ngezidladla izinyoni ukuzwana nabo kulelivekati entsha. ukusabalala kwaleso isitshalo baba Kuxhomeke isikhathi.

Izici imibungu

Esahlukweni 14 Darwin yabhekisela ukufana isitho iziqalo nokuthuthukiswa embryonic ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni. zonke izinhlobo Kusukela la mazwi waphetha ngokuthi kwakukhona umsuka ezivamile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufana kwamazwi ezinye izici wachaza usosayensi olwenzeka endaweni efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlanzi nemikhomo empeleni kuncane kakhulu okuzihlanganisa, nakuba ngaphandle nibonakala Babukeka mayelana efanayo.

Darwin futhi wagcizelela ukuthi izibungu zenye ezimeni ezahlukahlukene lapho hit ngeke ebe eziphatha ngendlela eyehlukile. Zonke imizwelo engokwemvelo imibungu elihlobene ne isici esisodwa kuphela - isifiso ukuze usinde kulesimo esiguquguqukayo. Ekhuluma izibungu, usosayensi wababiza ngokuthi indaba esiyingqayizivele kwezinhlobo kulo ne.

Ukuphela incwadi

Ekuphetheni yomsebenzi wakhe, Darwin ngokufingqiwe ezitholwe zakhe siqu. Incwadi yakhe kwaba umkhiqizo ejwayelekile ka uVictoria England nazo zonke zezombusazwe evamile leso sikhathi futhi ukwakhiwa oyindilinga. Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba umbhali waba umsunguli we incazelo yesayensi kwetinhlavu ukuphila, wenzé eziningana ukuthinta nokubuyisana ngenkolo.

Imiphumela kwemvelo kanye yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokushesha kwaba inkinga enkulu kulo ibandla. Ngo isiphetho sendaba, Darwin wakhumbuza kanye Leibniz wagxeka imithetho Newton-physics, kodwa isikhathi selukhombisile ukuthi lezi ukuhlaselwa banephutha. Umbhali we imisebenzi akukhuthazwa esesho ukuthi wethemba ukuthi incwadi yakhe siqu futhi uthola ukuqashelwa, naphezu eqinile ingcindezi ukuthi indalo yadalwa nezinye abagxeki. Namuhla singasho ngokuqiniseka, yilokho okwenzekile.