Sulfuric acid. Formula, izakhiwo, ukulungiswa nokusetshenziswa

Sulfuric acid yigama zomlando: amafutha vitriol. Ucwaningo acid waqala endulo, emibhalweni yakhe, sichazwe: udokotela ngesiGreki uDioscorides, semvelo Roman Pliniy Starshy, le alchemy Islamic Geberi, Razi futhi Ibn Sina nabanye. Ngo Sumer kwakukhona uhlu vitriol, okuyinto oluthathwa by umbala ketshezi. Esikhathini sethu, igama elithi "vitriol" esihlanganisa crystalline hydrates sulfate of izinsimbi divalent.

Ekhulwini le-17, i-Dutch, umthaki wemithi waseJalimane Johann Glauber sulfuric acid etholwe lomlilo nesibabule nge potassium nitrate (KNO3) ebukhoneni umhwamuko. Ngo 1736, Dzhoshua Uord (usokhemisi waseLondon), le ndlela isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni. Lesi sikhathi kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha iphuzu reference, lapho kakade ngezinga elikhulu kwaqala ukukhiqizwa sulfuric acid. It Formula (H2SO4), ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi sifakwe wemithi Swedish Berzelius (1779-1848) buthule kamuva.

Berzelius ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu zamagama (esiqokiwe chemical izakhi) kanye ephansi amakhodi digital (elikhonjiswe inombolo molecule athomu uhlobo unikezwa) yathola ukuthi kwelinye-molecule iqukethe 1 sulphur athomu (S), ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen (H) kanye 4-mpilo-athomu (O ). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, yabe seyaziwa Ukwakheka qualitative ambalwa engqamuzaneni, okungukuthi, ngolimi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali echazwe sulfuric acid.

Ifomula kwesakhiwo, okubonisa imidwebo ilungiselelo mutual zama-athomu engqamuzaneni izibopho zamakhemikhali phakathi kwabo (basuke ngokuvamile okhonjiswe imigqa) yazisa ukuthi maphakathi molecule athomu sulphur okuyinto kabili banamathele athomu amabili-mpilo. Nge omunye athomu amabili-oksijini ukuze ngamunye ehambisana a athomu ye-hydrogen, i-athomu sulphur baxhume ngezibopho olulodwa.

izakhiwo

Sulfuric acid - kungekho nto enemibala emihle noma kancane aphuzi, uketshezi viscous, oncibilikayo emanzini nhlobo lokuhlala. Kuyinto amaminerali eqinile acid. Acid kakhulu insimbi ukuze izinsimbi (Bacocisana bagxila nensimbi ngaphandle Ukushisa, futhi passivates) amatshe, isilwane izicubu noma ezinye izinto. It has hygroscopicity okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye liphinyiselwe eqinile oxidant izakhiwo. At lokushisa 10.4 ° C acid osemanzi. Lapho sishisiswe 300 ° C cishe 99% acid ilahlekelwa sulphur trioxide (SO3).

Amandla ayo iyashintshashintsha kuye ngokuthi lokuhlushwa i isixazululo aqueous. Kukhona amagama abizwa izixazululo acid. Alulaze acid ubhekwa 10%. Elishajekayo - kusuka 29 kuya kwezingu-32%. Ngezinye lokuhlala esingaphansi 75% (njengoba kuchaziwe ISO 2184) ibizwa ngokuthi umbhoshongo. Uma lokuhlushwa 98%, kuyobe sekuba i -sulfuric acid bagxila. ifomula (Amakhemikhali noma kwesakhiwo) kuzo zonke izimo uhlala ingashintshiwe.

Lapho ziyoncibilika kanzulu sulfuric acid, kwakhiwa sulphur trioxide noma oleum is kabi sulfuric acid, ifomula kwalo kungase ibhalwe kanje: H2S2O7. Net acid (H2S2O7) kuyinto okuqinile kokuba lokushisa ukuncibilika 36 ° C. sulfuric acid hydration ukuphendula libhekene ukukhululwa ezifudumeza esiningi.

acid buhlanjululwe is wasithukuthelela metal ukusabela ngazo ubukisa eqinile oxidant izakhiwo. Lokhu sivuselela sulfuric acid, kwakhiwa ifomula izinto equkethe encishisiwe (kuya kwele 4, 0 noma -2) athomu sulphur, kungaba: SO2, S noma H2S.

It ihlangana non-izinsimbi, isib, carbon noma nesibabule:

2 H2SO4 + C → 2 SO2 + CO2 + 2 H2O

2 H2SO4 + S → 3 SO2 + 2 H2O

Ihlangana sodium chloride:

H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCl

It libhekene i electrophilic esikhundleni ukuphendula ye-athomu ye-hydrogen exhunywe benzene inhlasi enkompolo elimnandi eqenjini -SO3H.

reception

Ngo-1831, i-pin yomthetho indlela yokuthola H2SO4, okumanje main. Namuhla iningi sulfuric acid ikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa le ndlela. Izinto zokusetshenziswa kusetshenziswe nsimbi sulphide (ngokuvamile yensimbi pyrite FeS2), okuyinto kushiswe amaziko ekhethekile, kanjalo zakha isimiso igesi calcined. Njengoba izinga lokushisa igesi ilingana 900 ° C ke kwathiwa selehlile sulfuric acid nge lokuhlushwa 70%. Le gesi nesiphepho futhi precipitator electrostatic is bahlanza kusuka uthuli emibhoshongweni wokuwasha nge lokuhlushwa acid 40 no-10% we-kulethe ubuthi (As2O5 futhi fluorine), ezimanzi precipitators electrostatic ka aerosol acid. Okulandelayo, igesi calcined equkethe 9% sulphur dioxide (SO2), omisiwe futhi fed apharathasi contact. Kudlulwa 3 zamatshe vanadium kulethe, SO2 is oxidized ukuze SO3. Ukuncibilikisa kwakhiwa sulphur trioxide, kanzulu sulfuric acid isetshenziswa. isixazululo Formula sulphur trioxide (SO3) e anhydrous sulfuric acid kuyinto H2S2O7. Kuleli fomu oleum emathangini steel ohamba ngayo uye kuwo umthengi lapho buhlanjululwe emakamu oyifunayo.

isicelo

Ngenxa ezahlukene amakhemikhali izakhiwo, H2SO4 has a ezahlukene kwezicelo. Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa acid ngokwayo, njengenhlangano electrolyte endaweni amabhethri lead-acid okwenza cleaner ahlukahlukene, naso ngokwaso reactant ebalulekile umkhakha zamakhemikhali. Iphinde isetshenziselwe ekukhiqizeni: alcohols, epulasitikini, udayi, iraba, ester, inhlaka, iziqhumane, insipho kanye insipho, imithi, uginindela nephepha, uwoyela.