Ifomula wezakhiwo - ingcaca ukumelwa izidakamizwa

Sekuyisikhathi eside zamukelwa Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali noma iyiphi irekhodi izidakamizwa esifushanisiwe izimpawu kanye indices (izinombolo). Ukubhala ngale ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi ifomula "enokwehla". Ngokwesibonelo, indlela yokwakheka acid wali band kubonakala kuleli fomu - H ₃ PO _4. Ibhayisikobho ukurekhoda, i-molecule ye ka wali band acid is zenziwe ngama-athomu amathathu e-hydrogen, omunye - phosphorus, futhi ezine - i-oksijini. Nokho, akucaci ukuthi amalunga oxhumene, isb Imininingwane akuphelele. Ukuze kuxazululwe le igebe, ifomula kwesakhiwo osebenza izidakamizwa.

ekhuthaza okunjalo enkulu ukuqoshwa ulwazi okuqukethwe kusukela ngosizo schematically eboniswe, kanjani futhi kulokho izakhi ukulandelana izidakamizwa oxhumene. Kulokhu-ke ngamunye covalent isibopho (pair of electron) imelelwa dash futhi oluhambisana eyodwa iyunithi Valence.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-oksijini has a Valence amabili, lizungezwe imigqa emibili, i-hydrogen - Valence elilodwa, ngakho-ke, omunye dash, phosphorus - ezinhlanu, kolayini ezinhlanu. Kususelwa lokubhala enjalo ingase Kusolwa chemical izakhiwo izinto zokuhlukanisa futhi bahlele.

Ifomula kwesakhiwo kungenzeka zilandiswe ngendlela egcwele futhi mfushane. zonke izibopho phakathi ama-athomu esibekiwe lapho ifomu zandiswa futhi sekubhala indlela efingqiwe yokubhala igama - akukho.

I esobala kakhulu futhi ebalulekile elwa sokuqhafaza compounds kwamakhemikhali organic. Phela, izakhiwo izinto musa kuphela ancike kuma-athomu e kanye nama-molecule kodwa futhi oda uxhumano yabo. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi "isomers" (ekhelini le-carbon chain).

Ngokwesibonelo, ifomula isakhi ethane uthi bonke Valence we-carbon matasa, futhi ngeke isakwazi unamathisele ngokwayo kwamanye ama-athomu. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi C ₂ H ₆ - omele hydrocarbon ayegcwele, covalent isibopho esikhathini molecule electron khulula ngalokho kungenzeka kuphela ethane esikhundleni ukuphendula r Oren.

Ifomula isakhi izidakamizwa futhi kubonisa amaqembu obusebenzayo carbohydrate: iqembu alkyl - kusukela alcohols, aldehyde - kusukela aldehydes benzene nucleus - the ezinuka kamnandi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngosizo izithombe kwendikimba kalula 'abonwe' khona izibopho isici hydrocarbon ayegcwele - olulodwa covalent isibopho. Unsaturated: ethylene - omunye isibopho double, diene - izibopho ezimbili double, kathathu - acetylene.

Bezakhiwe ifomula fructose yisibonelo isomerism ngekwendzawo. Lokhu carbohydrate has ukwakheka efanayo qualitative ambalwa njengoba glucose. Isixazululo kunhlobo eziningana. Kusukela ingcaca ifomula fructose kungabonwa ukuthi yakhiwa ketone futhi iqembu hydroxy, ngamanye amazwi, Ingqikithi has a izakhiwo "injongo ekabili," ka alcohols futhi ketones. Futhi, lokhu ifomula kusivumela ukusungula ukuthi ketonospirt okuholela ezisalayo kanye eyindilinga-glucose ne ushukela pentose (fructose).

Ngakho, ifomula isakhi - ukumelwa sokuqhafaza into ngawo ukukhomba indawo ukuzulazula kwama-athomu e-molecule okusekelwe uhlobo zokuxhumana kanye nezici zabo.