Ufuzo - lokhu ... Ufuzo Nempilo. izindlela zofuzo

Ufuzo - isayensi study izimpawu lwamaphethini lisuka umzali enzalweni ngabanye. Lokhu isiyalo uhlola izindawo zabo kanye nekhono variability. Ngakho njengoba abezindaba aphume ashone isakhiwo ekhethekile - zofuzo. Njengamanje, isayensi iye efunde ulwazi olwanele. It has izigaba eziningana, ngamunye ephethe izinhloso zayo siqu kanye netintfo zokutadisha. Into ebaluleke kakhulu izigaba: classical, yamangqamuzana, zofuzo yezokwelapha futhi izakhi zofuzo.

Classical zofuzo

Classical zofuzo - isayensi ufuzo. ukudlula Lokhu impahla zonke eziphilayo ngesikhathi yokuzalela izici zawo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle wenzalo. Classical zofuzo is uyabandakanyeka isifundo kokuhlukana. Lubonakaliswa izimpawu of nokuntengantenga. Lezi zinguquko buthelela ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Kuphela ngokusebenzisa enjalo simo esishubile eziphilayo zingazivumelanisa izinguquko endaweni yazo yemvelo.

Imininingwane kwezakhi zezinto amanga ezakhini zofuzo. Okwamanje, basuke kubhekwe kusukela umbono yezakhi zofuzo. Nakuba lezi imiqondo wazithatha eside ngaphambi ukuvela kwalesi sigaba.

Amagama athi "kuguquka," "I-DNA," "Ama-chromosomes e", "variability" makwaziwe ezifundweni eziningi. Manje imiphumela eminyaka nakho kubacacele, kodwa ngemva kokuba kuqale nge kokuzalela okungahleliwe. Abantu ziyakuthanda izinkomo nge high ubisi udoyami, izingulube ezinkulu futhi izimvu noboya obukhulu. Yibona abaqala, ngisho nososayensi, ucwaningo. Nokho, lezi zimo ziye zaholela ukuvela isayensi, njengoba zofuzo classical. Kuze kube ikhulu lama-20, owela kwaba indlela kuphela aziwayo futhi kufinyeleleke zocwaningo. Lokho imiphumela zofuzo classical babé impumelelo enkulu yesayensi yanamuhla wezinto eziphilayo.

yamangqamuzana zofuzo

Lena kwesigaba lapho efundelwa yonke imithetho ukuthi angaphansi yamangqamuzana ezingeni izinqubo. I ebaluleke kakhulu sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo - kuyinto ufuzo, okungukuthi, ziyakwazi isizukulwane ukuba alondoloze izici ebalulekile isakhiwo umzimba, kanye umzimba inqubo umdwebo wezinombolo kanye izimpendulo umthelela izici ezihlukahlukene kwemvelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ezingeni yamangqamuzana, izinto ezikhethekile irekhodi futhi sigcine lonke ulwazi bese ulithumele izizukulwane olandelayo ngesikhathi inqubo kokukhulelwa. Ukutholakala kwalezi izinto futhi baqhube izifundo zabo okwalandela Lwenziwe by ekutadisheni isakhiwo cell ezingeni zamakhemikhali. Njengoba acid nucleic Kwatholakala - ngesisekelo izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo.

Kuvulwa "ama-molecule lezinceku"

isayensi yezakhi zofuzo yanamuhla uyazi cishe konke mayelana acid nucleic, kodwa yebo, kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Nokucabanga sokuqala ukuthi amakhemikhali ngandlela-thile ixhunyaniswe ufuzo, senziwa kuphela ekhulwini le-19. Lolu cwaningo yale nkinga ngesikhathi benza ezinto F. Miescher nabafowabo Hertwig izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Ngo-1928, usosayensi Russian N. K. Koltsov esekelwe ngemiphumela yocwaningo wasikisela ukuba zonke nezakhi zofuzo eziphilayo kuthiwa okubhalwe wabekwa giant "ama-molecule lezinceku". Nokho, wathi lezi ama-molecule enziwe amayunithi ngaphambilini, okuyilokho, eqinisweni, kukhona izakhi zofuzo. Cha, impela kwase intuthuko. Koltsov kunqunywa futhi ukuthi idatha "ama-molecule lezinceku" Agcwele ezinkanjini e izakhiwo ezikhethekile ama-chromosome. Ngemva kwalokho, lo mbono kwaqinisekiswa futhi anikeza ugqozi ukuthuthukiswa isayensi ekhulwini lama-20.

Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi ekhulwini lama-20

Ukuthuthukiswa ngezakhi futhi ucwaningo olwengeziwe kwaholela inombolo okutholakele ezingabalulekile kangako. Kwatholakala ukuthi chromosome ngayinye kuseli iqukethe eyodwa kuphela DNA enkulu ehlanganisa imicu emibili. izingxenye wakhe eminingi - kuba zofuzo. sici yabo eyinhloko ukuthi banayo indlela ethile ukuze encode ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo enzyme. Kodwa ukugcwaliseka ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo kuzici ezithile ageleza ezihilela olunye uhlobo acid nucleic - RNA. It is kuhlelwe DNA futhi wenze amakhophi zofuzo. Iphinde ithwala ulwazi ribosome, lapho zamagama amaprotheni enzymatic. isakhiwo DNA watholakala ngo-1953, futhi i-RNA - esikhathini kusukela ngo-1961 kuya ku-1964.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, yezakhi zofuzo basungula ngokukhulu ukushesha. Le miphumela kwakheka isisekelo izifundo, okwaphumela amaphethini ukuthunyelwa kolwazi yezakhi zofuzo kudalulwe. Le nqubo ibizwa eyenziwa ezingeni yamangqamuzana amaseli. Kwathiwa wathola ulwazi ngokuyinhloko entsha mayelana ukugcinwa kolwazi ezakhini zofuzo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuye kwatholakala DNA ukuphindaphindeka izindlela kuvele ngaphambi cell division (ukufanisana), ukufunda ulwazi icubungula molecule RNA (umbhalo), ukuhlanganiswa kwezici amaprotheni enzyme (ukusakaza). Izimiso ufuzo nezinguquko acacise indima yabo imvelo ngaphakathi nangaphandle amaseli zitholiwe.

Ukulotshwa isakhiwo DNA

izindlela zofuzo ziye zashintsha ngokushesha. ngokulotshiweyo chromosomal DNA kwaba impumelelo ezibalulekile. Kwavela ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela izinhlobo izigaba wesifunda. Yehluka nomunye nucleotide. Uhlobo lokuqala uzungu ngalinye kungokwasekuqaleni, lokhu okusho ukuthi, ine ubunjalo esingokwemvelo. Eyesibili yakhiwa linani lelehlukile ukulandelanisa njalo ukuphinda. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu eziphindaphindiwe. Ngo-1973 kwase kunesiqiniseko yokuthi zone esiyingqayizivele njalo kuphazamisekile ufuzo ahlukile. Ingxenye kuphetha replay. Leli gebe buqonda amaprotheni ezithile enzymatic, kungenxa kubo "waqondisa" RNA lapho ufunda ulwazi kusuka DNA.

Eyokuqala nokwatholakala in genetic engineering

Okuphambili izindlela ezintsha zofuzo kwaholela okutholakele olwengeziwe. It phendla impahla esiyingqayizivele kwazo zonke izinto esizibonayo ophilayo. Sikhuluma okuwabuyisela ezindaweni ezicekeleke phansi iketango DNA. Abakwazi zenzeka ngenxa amathonya ahlukahlukene ezimbi. Amandla ukulungisa libizwé "inqubo ukulungisa zofuzo." Okwamanje, ososayensi abaningi ovelele baveze ngokwanele ithemba ubufakazi-based for ithuba "ucinga" izakhi zofuzo ezithile kusukela cell. Yini-ke nika? Ithuba lokuqala ukuqeda ukukhubazeka kwezakhi zofuzo. Lolu cwaningo zalezi zinkinga ehilelekile genetic engineering.

ukufanisana

yezakhi zofuzo study izinqubo yokudlulisela ulwazi zofuzo phakathi ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Ukugcina nokungaguquguquki okubhalwe ku ufuzo, kukho kuqinisekiswa i ukukhiqizwa kabusha olunembile ngesikhathi cell division. Lonke indlela yale nqubo sifundwa ngokuningiliziwe. Kwatholakala ukuthi ngqo phambi division senzeka esitokisini, ukufanisana wenziwa. Lena inqubo DNA ukubuyelela kabili. It kuhambisana ikhophi ngokuphelele ngqo yezinhlayiya yokuqala ukubusa complementarity. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ingxenye imicu DNA ezine kuphela izinhlobo nucleotide. Kuyinto i-guanine ne, i-adenine, ne-cytosine ne thymine. Ngokusho umthetho complementarity, wathola ososayensi Crick futhi Watson ngo-AD 1953, e isakhiwo Strand kabili DNA i-adenine oluhambisana thymine futhi nucleotide cytidylic - i-guanine ne. Phakathi nenqubo ukufanisana kukhona ikhophi esiqondile umucu DNA ngamunye ngokufaka esikhundleni nucleotide oyifunayo.

Ufuzo - isayensi kuqhathaniswa abasha. Inqubo ukufanisana ibilokhu wafunda kuphela in the 50s yekhulu lama-20. Khona-ke kwatholakala enzyme-DNA polymerase. In the 70s, ngemva kweminyaka yocwaningo, kwatholakala ukuthi ukufanisana - inqubo multistage. Ngo synthesis molecule e-DNA kukhona ngqo iqhaza eziningana tinhlobo letehlukene polymerases DNA.

Ufuzo Nempilo

Lonke ulwazi ezihlobene iphuzu ukudlalwa ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwenqubo ye-DNA ukufanisana, kabanzi kwezokwelapha zanamuhla. Ukutadisha ngokujulile imithetho okuvamise umzimba ophilile, futhi ezimweni izinguquko sokugembula kuzo. Isibonelo, kufakazelwa ucwaningo futhi waqinisekisa ukuthi ikhambi izifo ezithile ingatholakala nethonya kusuka ngaphandle izinqubo ukufanisana ka zofuzo futhi sokuhlukanisa amaseli ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo. Ikakhulukazi uma zokugula ezihambisana ukusebenza izinqubo zomzimba umzimba. Ngokwesibonelo, izifo ezifana yamathambo futhi ukuphazamiseka phosphorus umzimba, ngqo kubangelwa okusithiyayo we-DNA ukufanisana. Kungenzeka kanjani ukuba ashintshe isimo kusukela ngaphandle? Kuye kuhlelwe umqondo futhi lwahlolwa izidakamizwa ukufukula izinqubo abacindezelwe. Bona kusebenze DNA ukufanisana. Kunomthelela ukuzinza kanye nokuhlumelelisa izimo zokucabanga okubangelwa isifo ezihambisana nalesi sifo. Kodwa ukucwaninga ngofuzo akuyona emi namanje. Minyaka yonke, ukuthola idatha eningi ukukusiza hhayi nje ukuze belaphe futhi bagomele izifo kunokwenzeka.

Ufuzo nezidakamizwa

nezindaba Ngakho eziningi zempilo ezihilelekile yezakhi zofuzo. Biology amanye amagciwane nezinto ezincane eziphilayo yokuthi umsebenzi wabo emzimbeni womuntu ngezinye izikhathi kuholela DNA ukufanisana lwehluleke. Futhi kakade yafakazela ukuthi imbangela izifo ezithile akuyona okusithiyayo yale nqubo nomsebenzi kwalo ngokweqile. Okokuqala, kungcono izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye ezibangelwa amagciwane. Basuke kubangelwa yokuthi amaseli abathintekayo nezicubu uqale ngokushesha wande amagciwane abangela izifo. Futhi kule zokugula nesifo okuthiwa umdlavuza.

Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo eziningi zezidakamizwa ezingaba ukucindezela ukufanisana ye-DNA yeseli. Iningi lazo abangu kuhlelwe umqondo ososayensi Soviet. Le mithi kabanzi kwezokwelapha. Lezi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, iqembu elilwa sofuba izidakamizwa. Kukhona imithi elwa namagciwane ukuthi zivimbela ukufanisana nokuhlukanisa sokugembula izinqubo kanye amaseli amagciwane abe nenkani. Asiza umzimba ngokushesha ukubhekana-ejenti angaphandle, ukuvimbela nabo kusuka landa. izidakamizwa ezinjalo ziwubufakazi umphumela omuhle zokwelapha e iningi yizifo eziyingozi oyingozi. A ikakhulukazi kabanzi izindlela idatha ezitholakala ekwelapheni izimila kanye neoplasms. Kubalulekile ukuthi iRussia wakhetha Institute of Zofuzo. Minyaka yonke kukhona izidakamizwa okusha okuthuthukisiwe esikuvimbela emdlavuzeni. Lokhu kunikeza ithemba amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu abagulayo emhlabeni wonke.

Izinqubo of umbhalo kanye translation

Ngemva imiphumela ngendima ye-DNA kanye zofuzo njengendlela kuyisibonelo amaprotheni zamagama, kanti ososayensi abanolwazi kuhlolo zofuzo laboratory yayiqhutshelwa futhi wathola baye basikisela ukuthi ama-amino acid ziqoqwa e molecule eziyinkimbinkimbi ke, nucleus. Kodwa ngemuva kokuthi idatha entsha kuyacaca ukuthi akusiyo. amino acid azisekelwe amasayithi e-DNA yezakhi zofuzo. Kwatholakala ukuthi le nqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi senzeka ngezigaba eziningana. Okokuqala, izakhi zofuzo ziyasuswa kwemifanekiso - isithunywa RNAs. Lezi zinhlayiya aphume kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana futhi sishukumiseleka ukuba izakhiwo ikakhulukazi - ribosomes. Kuyinto kulezi organelles kanye acid Yakha acid namaprotheni zamagama. Inqubo lokuveza amakhophi DNA ngokuthi "umbhalo." A zamagama amaprotheni ngaphansi kokulawula isithunywa RNA - ". Ukusakaza" Ucwaningo we izindlela wala magama izinqubo kanye nezimiso kwethonya kubo - umsebenzi oyinhloko isayensi yezakhi zofuzo yanamuhla, izakhiwo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Okushiwo umbhalo kanye translation izindlela kwezokwelapha

Eminyakeni yamuva kuyacaca ukuthi kuhlolisiswe scrupulous kuzo zonke izigaba umbhalo kanye translation ibalulekile ukunakekelwa kwezempilo yesimanje. Ihlangano yokuNgeza Ufuzo, Academy Russian of Sciences Sekuyisikhathi eside waqinisekisa iqiniso lokuthi kakhulu ekuthuthukeni cishe yisiphi isifo waphawula zamagama kakhulu esinobuthi yingozi amaprotheni umzimba womuntu. Le nqubo ingathatha indawo ngaphansi kokulawula zezakhi zofuzo, okuyinto ngokuvamile ayisebenzi. Kuphakathi wasungula zamagama, okuyinto unomthwalo ekujuleni ahlangene asesibelethweni-bacterium womuntu pathogenic nama-virus. Futhi, kumiswa amaprotheni eziyingozi kusukumisa ngenkuthalo nomdlavuza izimila. Yingakho balifundisise zonke izigaba umbhalo kanye translation okwamanje kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho ungakwazi ukubona izindlela zokubhekana hhayi kuphela izifo eziyingozi, kodwa futhi ngenxa yomdlavuza.

Ufuzo Modern - usesho okuqhubekayo ngoba izindlela ukuthuthukiswa isifo, nezidakamizwa abaziphatha ngayo. Manje umuntu angakwazi kuthiye izinqubo ukuhumusha izitho abathintekayo noma umzimba iyonke, kanjalo ukucindezela ukuvuvukala. Ngomqondo onabile, kuba kule futhi eyakhelwe kakhulu imiphumela eyaziwa kwamaphilisi, ezifana tetracycline futhi uchungechunge streptomycin. Zonke lezi izidakamizwa ngokukhetha zivimbela izinqubo translation kumaseli.

Inani ekuhloleni izinqubo recombination zofuzo

Kubalulekile kakhulu imithi njengoba ukutadishwa izinqubo recombination yofuzo, okusho unesibopho ukudluliswa kanye exchange of izingxenye wama-chromosomes nezakhi zofuzo zomuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kuyisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni yezifo ezithathelwanayo. recombination izakhi zofuzo ngesisekelo Ukungena ku amangqamuzana omuntu kanye nokwethulwa DNA angaphandle, ngokuvamile ye viral, impahla. Ngenxa yalokho, zamagama phezu ribosome akuyona amaprotheni "bomdabu" lomzimba pathogenic ngaye. Ngokwalesi simiso, kukhona ukukhiqizwa kabusha kumaseli amakoloni wonke amagciwane. Izindlela Human Genetics igxile ekwakheni izindlela zokunqanda izifo ezithathelwanayo futhi ukuvimbela inhlangano yabantwana amagciwane abangela izifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqongeleleni ulwazi mayelana recombination zofuzo avunyelwe ukuba baqonde isimiso exchange izakhi zofuzo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo, okwaholela ukubukeka izitshalo GMO nezilwane.

Inani yezakhi zofuzo biology nemithi

Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, kuqala kuvulwa zakudala, sabe yezakhi zofuzo saba kunethonya elikhulu ngisho juqu ngentuthuko zonke wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Ikakhulukazi wangenela kakhulu imithi phambili. I impumelelo izifundo zofuzo avunyelwe ukuba baqonde izinqubo kanye inscrutable yefa yezakhi zofuzo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kumuntu nomuntu. Libuye emangalisayo ngokushesha kangakanani lokhu isayensi kusukela luyingxenye theory kuya ncane esisebenzayo. Sekuvele kubalulekile imithi yesimanje. Ucwaningo eningiliziwe regularities yamangqamuzana-zofuzo wakhonza njengephayona isisekelo sokuthethelelwa ukuqonda izinqubo ezenzeka emzimbeni njengoba isiguli futhi umuntu enempilo. It zofuzo anikeza ugqozi ukuthuthukiswa wesayensi ezifana Virology, i-microbiology, Endocrinology, kwemithi kwezokugoma.