Inkulumo - kuyini? izinhlobo inkulumo. Umcabango inkulumo

Sonke ukuqonda inkulumo umehluko nekubhala ngokulondoloza izindlela contact, yebo, kulingane. ukwelashwa kuphumelele uzobe ethumela ukwaziswa kubantu bangempela ulimi classical etemibhalo. Ngakho, kwakuzokwenza kubhekwe umzamo kuyaxaka bamelele silulumagama ekhethekile izinkulumo evamile kwansuku zonke.

Ukunqunywa inkulumo

Hhayi isayensi kuphela, kodwa futhi inguquko Imininingwane kumaka ngekhulu xxi. Babbitt namuhla ebhekene nsuku nabanye UKUKHULUMISANA ngamazwi. We are lonke ngaphakathi zokuxhumana kwabo kwansuku zonke futhi sibonga kulabo abasizungezile kolwazi ngemithombo ye egxilile inkulumo. Ngathi: "Kuyini?" - ubuza umfundi ukubacabangela isihloko. Impendulo ngokuphawulekayo definition lesifinyetiwe inikezwe kwisichazamazwi okusha Webster: kuba tekuchumana.

Umsuka wenkulumo ethi

Igama elithi lisuselwa discursus Latin, okusho "umjikelezo we ukuhamba." Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukunyakaza unordered esingalawuleki indiza ngokomzimba zishintshe. Bahlukana baba zihlotshaniswa nemicabango ezihlukahlukene "multi Ohlangothi", imibono, imibono olungafani kubantu ezahlukene inkinga efanayo. Kamuva kwaba nomunye ukuguqulwa wonke umqondo walo. It uqala kancane kancane kuhlotshaniswa abantu abaningi kuba umqondo wokuphathwa inkulumo ngamazwi. Okungukuthi, ukuchaza nje. Cishe noma yiluphi ulwazi isithembiso: noma ikhaya, kusukela emkhakheni ezombusazwe, amafilosofi, isiko, isayensi, ezindabeni zezempi - ungomunye - lokhu ingenye izinhlobo inkulumo.

Uchwepheshe kulo mkhakha, uProfessor, University of Amsterdam TA Van Deyk ichaza umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko njengoba nezokuxhumana - uguqule vumelekile imihlola, ezifana nesayensi, amafilosofi, isiko, cishe wonke umuntu ku-level microsocial ngu ulungiselele ukwaziswa kwethonya.

Inkulumo nombhalo

Yini ehlukanisa umbhalo kanye inkulumo? Phela, basuke babe esivamile: inkulumo qualitative namanje ngokuyisisekelo yakhiwa eyinhloko - umbhalo. Nokho, njengoba sekushiwo, umbhalo onjalo akuyona yemfundo noma kwezibalo. Iyahola ukusebenza yayo, isb. E. oluqagelwe waqaphela ithonya inkulumo, sibuya impela umbhalo ku inkulumo. Hlobo luni isinyathelo ewumngcingo-ngamazwi? Le nkulumo ihlala sibhekiswe into ethize, ukuhlala endaweni ethile kanye nezithameli ethize. Futhi ngokuqinisekile lidlulisela ulwazi mayelana nalo buyinqqikithi ezithile. inkulumo Hlukanisa kuyinto eyohlobo (anokuhambisana) umuzwa block.

Nokho, iketango enkulumweni akuyona leyehlukene, one block kuphelile, omunye iyaqala, futhi ngakho-ke kulingisa ingxoxo ejwayelekile, okuyinto ekulandelaneni izihloko: .. Omunye uphela, futhi esikhundleni salo kuza enye inkulumo. Lokho lolu hlobo nethonya yekuchumana has a isakhiwo block, ubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi akhona umkhuba wokusebenzisa umsebenzi abezindaba.

inkulumo siqu

Imihlobo ehlukeneko umphakathi kalula liyabonakala by izisusa zabo futhi izingqikithi asetshenziswa ifomu yabo evamile.

Ziyakwazi yokuqala, ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi ezikhethekile - ngakolunye. Umqondo sociolinguistics "inkulumo ethi" sub-ihlukaniswe zesikhungo kanye lichnostnoorientirovanny (siqu).

Uhlobo lokuqala kudinga umlandzi kube lesikhungo esithile kwezenhlalo, ukuziveza njengoba isikhulu. I sesibili kuhilela ingxoxo izilaleli lapho embiza ngingedwa. Lokhu uhlobo zokuxhumana ukuthi ligxile isithakazelo yangasese yemlandzi.

Izinhlobo inkulumo, zona selihlukene laba zilwane. Ngakho, i-siqu lubonakaliswa izinhlobo: kwansuku zonke ekuphileni.

ukuxhumana Social senzeka phakathi abantu ajwayelekile, baqonde nomunye kahle. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuhambisana nokubuka oxhumana ubonisa kanjani ukuthi uyangeneka ngamazwi, enezela-ke. Isikhulumi isikisela ukuthi isilaleli oqonda ngokuphelele, ngokuqondene inshokutsi yemagama kukhona mobile kakhulu.

uhlobo ekuphileni inkulumo kwenzeka uma umuntu oyedwa, usebenzisa izibalo ezahlukene yokukhuluma, abafundi Uyoletha abachaza ngayo ngokoqobo, izizathu ukuziphatha kwabo, futhi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi izwe kwangaphakathi. Kuyinto esivela imisebenzi eqanjiwe. Existential zokuxhumana umthelela, empeleni ezahlukene kusukela yasekhaya. Nokho, abazi enifana: zalezi zinhlobo inkulumo indima isilaleli asebenzayo. Lokho kufanele ngenkuthalo yenze umqondo yemlandzi kukhulunywa.

inkulumo zezikhungo

Lolu hlobo inkulumo ihlukile nge Simo nendzima ubudlelwane babo. nokuxhumana ngengxoxo yomlomo kwenzeka therein izindawo ezihlukahlukene ubuchwepheshe, ezikhona emphakathini, ezifana zokuphatha, ezempi, ibhizinisi, ulwazi zamanxusa kanye mass, wezokwelapha, ezingaqondakali, ezesayensi, ezemfundo, ukukhangisa, zenkolo, ezemidlalo, ebabazekayo, zomthetho, zezombusazwe.

Ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo zezikhungo yokuxhumana ithonya libhekene izici ezimbili eziyinhloko: orientation target kwenkulumo kanye izithameli. Ukukhangisa inkulumo kwenzeka phakathi izinhlangano abakhangisi kanye nokukhangisa addressees ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: phambili ekukhulumeni kwabezindaba, komagazini ekhethekile ecwebezelayo, ukukhangisa imikhankaso press, ukusetshenziswa kabanzi ukukhangisa ongaphandle (ezikhangiso, laytpbordy, yokukhangisa ezokuthutha). Injongo inkulumo zezombusazwe ibikade ifinyeleleka le eza emandleni party futhi khona baqhubeka phambi kwakhe.

Ngokuvamile, ukuhlaziya uhlobo oluthile inkulumo zezikhungo, embulele izici zayo esingokwemvelo: ifomula lenhlangotsimbili, indaba (isihloko), imibhalo sinqumo sangaphambili, izinhlobo kanye izinhlobo, isu, ababambiqhaza, isikhathi isikhala, imigomo, izimiso zokuziphatha (kuhlanganise nomqondo ukhiye). Ngezansi sizozama ukwenza lokhu ngokuhlaziya enye zilwane zakhe.

inkulumo yesayensi

Abahlanganyeli kwenkulumo zezikhungo, okuthiwa i-Science, abacwaningi izinkinga ngokwesayensi kanye nomphakathi jikelele - ezibukelini nabantu abafunda emaphephabhukwini esayensi. umbandela yaso ukulingana iqhaza, ngoba bonke bawumsebenzi ngokulinganayo ukuba inqubo yokuxhumana enqabayo ukuze uthole iqiniso okuyilonalona. Nokho, inkulumo yesayensi kancane eziphikisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqhaza kulo bavame ukuhlanganisa izimo zabo, bephendukela kwabanye "nozakwethu" ngamunye, futhi ngakolunye - ukwakha izithiyo ukuze iqhaza angaphandle inkulumo ngokusebenzisa ukwethulwa ezinhlwini ekhethekile yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni be. Uma le ndaba kakhulu adonswa, ihlelwe ngendlela enengqondo. Ngakho umphumela isimiso kobufakazi.

Amatemu inkulumo yesayensi

Umqondo inkulumo yesayensi kusikisela multifunction ukubamba iqhaza ososayensi. Odnoremenno bona iziveze abacwaningi, njengoba othisha, njengoba umgqugquzeli, futhi-ke, njengoba ochwepheshe nendaba okuxoxwa ngayo.

Inani lale uhlobo senzo yekuchumana itholakala imiqondo yayo eziyisisekelo: ulwazi, iqiniso, cwaningo. Usazi ezithile isu. Luhilela amabhlogo ngokulandelana zocwaningo: umkhawulo nesizungu zesifundo; Ukubuyekeza yemizamo ucwaningo kwangaphambili; ekwakhiweni imibono eyayisinesikhathi kanye nezinhloso; izindlela ukuzimisela; udala imodeli theory owasungulwa kuncike ucwaningo; isethulo ngemiphumela yocwaningo, namazwana kubo kanye nokubuyekeza kontanga; kwencazelo SIZUZISA; isethulo emaphephabhukwini esayensi.

Izinhlobo

Umqondo uhlobo kwavela ekuseni XIX leminyaka, umqondo inkulumo - ekupheleni XX. Ngokokuqala ngqá yabo kuhlanganiswe isazi Bulgarian Todorov Tsvetan ngo-1975. A imfuneko lesi sinyathelo kwakuyinkinga ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi "inkulumo ethi" isigaba: ngaphakathi kwanoma iyiphi inhlobo yayo zidinga ichaza iyunithi wezokuxhumana ngenkulumo. umqondo kakhulu ezibanzi uhlobo uphelele kufikile ukuchaza amaphethini inkulumo. Ihlala eqinisweni lokuthi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, it is ekhiqizwa inkampani, kanti ngakolunye - kuthinta superstructure yayo.

Njengoba sishilo, izinhlobo inkulumo ezihlobene imibono yakhe eqondile njengoba isethulo sakhe siqu. Ikakhulukazi, uhlobo enkulumweni yesayensi kungenziwa ngokuthi abstract, isethulo engqungqutheleni, mqondo, zincwadi ziphakathi kokulandisa okuvelele, umbiko yesayensi-technical, umbiko ucwaningo, ukubuyekeza, indzaba, poster, abstract, iphepha ngokwesayensi.

Modern uhlobo uhlelo enkulumweni yezesayensi kodwa izinhlobo sawo esilotshiwe kanye temlomo, kufaka nekhompyutha nokuxhumana (echo-izingqungquthela, izingxoxo yezesayensi, i-imeyili).

Ukukhangisa inkulumo: indlela

Sivumelana udokotela wesayensi philological Irinoy Germanovnoy Ovchinnikovoy ukuthi inkulumo yokukhangisa ihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo zokuxhumana ngomlomo ukuzimela yayo. Ngokungafani nezinye "zezikhungo" it has kakhulu unidirectional, kusukela umkhangisi umsebenzisi. Kuyinto esivela ubunjalo pragmatic ngenjongo eyodwa - inzuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuncike ukukhangisa ngokuqinile lokulawula ukuxhumana isethulo oda: isiteshi, isikhathi kanye ne-transmission imvamisa. ukukhangisa Good kufanele yehliswe emasikweni umphakathi kuso sibhekiswe abamele.

Imvelo yehlukene kaningi okubalwa kwenkulumo ukukhangisa ngokucace kutjengiswe i kufinyeleleke, ngisho esontweni njengoba inoveli Viktor Pelevin sika "Chapaev nobuze '. Indlela abukeka ngayo yasekuqaleni: inoveli uqobo inhlanganisela inkulumo, phakathi okuyinto ukukhangisa ehamba phambili. I protagonist, a Tatar copywriter, ukwenza imikhiqizo yokukhangisa ku izinhlobo ezehlukene: lephelele umkhankaso Ukugunda simo, ukukhangisa imiqondo futhi esho neziqubulo. Njengoba, ngokuvumelana Pelevin, copywriters ukugqugquzela abantu - ukukhangisa into - ukuthenga izimpahla namasevisi? Tatar alichaza original. Abantu, ngokombono wakhe, njalo uzama ukuthola inkululeko ekuhluphekeni kwabo okuqhubekayo. Futhi ngabo abakhangisi uhlakaniphile ngokusebenzisa ukukhangisa inkulumo razorachivayut ngokoqobo ukuthi yona kanye le inkululeko avele pads enamaphiko, insimbi, lemonade nokunye. D.

Esikhathini inoveli "UMbuso," umbhali waxwayisa, ekubonisa ohlangothini emibi uhlasela yene ukukhangisa inkulumo, kulingisa kuyo yonke imikhakha yokuphila, ubukhazikhazi esikhundleni izimiso zokuziphatha zomphakathi. Yena ugxeke ibekiwe le nkulumo, zingahleleki abantu enkulu ekukhethweni kuka-ukuphila injongo futhi uthatha indawo yabo izimiso obschestvoobrazuyuschie.

Global Network kanye Inkulumo

Omunye izibonakaliso ngekhulu xxi kuyinto ukuvela izinhlobo ezintsha zokuxhumana eyenziwe ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi nobuchwepheshe. Ikakhulu, i-zokuxhumana medium-Inthanethi namuhla unendima ebalulekile kubantu abaningi. inkulumo Inthanethi uba Symbiosis we epistolary futhi indlela levamile. indlela izincazelo Its main kuba isingathekiso - ukuhlaziywa wokuqagela ukudluliswa wesifunda into eyodwa (mkhuba) kwenye. inkulumo-Inthanethi, ngokuvumelana AG Abramov, has uhlobo ingxoxo, t. E. Interactive futhi kwenziwe ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eqala igama yokuxhumana, ukuthambekela oxhumana. Ukuze uchaze ke, kufanele uhlole ukuthi yini izingxenye zalo ingxenye, kodwa lena nesihloko esinye isihloko.

isiphetho

Namuhla akungabazeki ukuthi omunye izici zezenhlalo kwetinhlavu ukuqaphela kwethu izenzo nenkulumo. Izibonelo zalokhu ngokuvamile aziwa. Ngemva ukwakheka zokuxhumana ngomlomo asinazo izithombe ezikhangayo noma okunyanyekayo zomphakathi kanye nezikhungo senzeka ngesisekelo ulwazi ageleza emphakathini. Lokhu kuveza amathuba lokuxhaphaza ngiqaphele abantu.

Kahle kahle, ngakho-ke, tekuchumana kumele kungayekwa ulandele imigomo amasu kanye nomphakathi zokuziphatha ngaphandle izithakazelo yesikhashana osopolitiki nosomabhizinisi.